ã»ãšãã©ã®ã°ã©ãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ååã«ç 究ãããŠãããã°ã©ãèŠçŽ ãžã®ã©ã³ãã ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãå¯èœã§ãããšããåæã§èšèšãããŠããŸããçŸæç¹ã§ã¯ããœãŒã·ã£ã«ã°ã©ãã®ãµã€ãºã¯å¹³åçãªãã·ã³ã®RAMã®ãµã€ãºãè¶ ããŠããŸãããåæã«ããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ã«ç°¡åã«åãŸããŸãã 劥åç¹ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã¯ãšãªã«ãã°ããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããæ©èœãåããããŒã¿å§çž®ã§ãã 2ã€ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŸãã
aïŒç¹å®ã®é ç¹ã®ãšããžã®ãªã¹ããååŸããŸã
bïŒ2ã€ã®é ç¹ãæ¥ç¶ãããŠãããã©ããã調ã¹ãŸãã
ææ°ã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã䜿çšãããšããªã³ã¯ããšã«æ倧1ã5ãããã®ããŒã¿ãå§çž®ã§ãããããå¹³åçãªãã·ã³ã§åæ§ã®ããŒã¹ã§äœæ¥ã§ããŸãã ãã®èšäºãæžãããã®ã¯ãvkontakte friendsããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã32GBã®RAMã«åãããã£ããã«ãªããŸãããçŸåšãçŽ3åã®ã¢ã«ãŠã³ãããããå¹³åæé«åºŠãçŽ100ã§ãããããéåžžã«çŸå®çã§ãã ããã«åºã¥ããŠå®éšãè¡ããŸãã
èå³ã®ããã°ã©ãã®äžè¬çãªããããã£ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãšããã§ãã
aïŒãããã倧ããã1 6ã1 9以äžã®ãããããã³çŽ1 9ãšããžã§ãããšããäºå®-ããããã¡ã¢ãªå ã§çŽæ¥æäœããããšã¯äžå¯èœã«ãªããŸããã1ã€ã®ããŒããã©ã€ãäžã§ãç°¡åã«ä¿åã§ããŸãã ãµã€ãlaw.di.unimi.it/datasets.phpã¯ããã®ãããªããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã®èšå€§ãªç¯å²å šäœãæ瀺ããŸãã
bïŒé ç¹ã®æ¬¡æ°ã®ååžãå®éããã¹ãŠã®éèŠãªåšæ³¢æ°ç¹æ§ã¯ãã¹ãæ³åã«ãã£ãŠïŒå°ãªããšã挞è¿çã«ïŒèšè¿°ãããŸãã
cïŒãããã¯ãŸã°ãã§ãã ããŒã¯ã®å¹³å次æ°ã¯100ã1000ã§ãã
dïŒé ç¹ãé¡äŒŒããŠãã-å ±éã®å人ããã確çã¯ãæ¥ç¶ãããé ç¹ã®æ¹ãå€ããªããŸãã
ãã«ãã£ãšãŽã£ã°ãã
ãã®ããŒããŒã§ã¯ããèªç¶ãªãéå§çž®åœ¢åŒã®ã°ã©ãã¯ãªã¹ãã®é åã§è¡šãããŸãã
node1 -> link11,link12,link13... node2 -> link21,link22,link23.... .... link[i,j] < link[i,j+1].
ããã | é ç¹åºŠ | ãªã |
---|---|---|
15 | 11 | 13,15,16,17,18,19,23,24,203,315,1034 |
16 | 10 | 15,16,17,22,23,24,315,316,317,3041 |
17 | 0 | |
18 | 5 | 13,15,16,17,50 |
è¡š1.ã°ã©ãã®èªç¶ãªã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã ïŒäŸã¯[2]ããåãããŠããŸãïŒ
2ã€ã®ãªã³ã¯ã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹éã®å·®ããã®ã£ããããšåŒã³ãŸãã
Gap[i,j] = link[i,j-1] - link[i,j]
å§çž®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®æåã®ãã¡ããªãŒã¯ã次ã®2ã€ã®åºæ¬çãªã¢ãããŒãã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã§ãã
aïŒé ç¹ã®å±ææ§ã®æŽ»çšã ããŒã¯ã¯ãå€ãã®å Žåããé ããããŒã¯ããããè¿ããããŒã¯ãæããŸãã
bïŒé ç¹ã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã®æŽ»çšã ãè¿ããããŒã¯ã¯åãããŒã¯ãæããŸãã
ãããã®2ã€ã®ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãã«ã¯é説ããããŸããããŒã¯ã®ãè¿æ¥ããšããçšèªã¯ãé¡äŒŒæ§ã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æããããšãã§ããŸãããã®å Žåãã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãã¯çå®ã«ãªããŸãã ãè¿æ¥ãã®æŠå¿µã説æããäžã§ãç§ããã¹ãããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã«ã¯äž»ãªéãããããŸãã
ãã®äž»é¡ã«é¢ããæåã®ç 究ã¯ãæããã«K.ã©ã³ããŒã«[1]ã§ãã ãŸã æ®ã£ãŠããAltavistaã®Webã°ã©ãã調ã¹ããšãããã°ã©ãäžã®ãªã³ã¯ã®ã»ãšãã©ïŒ80ïŒ ïŒãããŒã«ã«ã§ãããå€æ°ã®å ±éãªã³ã¯ãæã£ãŠããããšããããã次ã®åç §ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã䜿çšããããšãææ¡ãããŸããã
-æ°ããé ç¹ã¯ããé¡äŒŒã+è¿œå ãšåé€ã®ãªã¹ããžã®ãªã³ã¯ãšããŠãšã³ã³ãŒããããã®ã£ãããšããã«ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããŸãã
é£äžã¯altavistaããªã³ã¯ããšã«5ãããã«å§çž®ããŸããïŒäœæ¥äžã«ææªã®å§çž®çµæãåºãããã«ããŸãïŒã ãã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ãPaolo BoldiãšSebastiano Vignaã«ãã£ãŠå€§ããéçºãããŸããã
圌ãã¯ãè¡š2ã«ç€ºãããè€éãªåç §ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°æ¹æ³ãææ¡ããŸãããåé ç¹ã¯1ã€ã®ãé¡äŒŒããªã³ã¯ãæã€ããšãã§ããRefNrã¯çŸåšã®é ç¹ãšãããšã®å·®ããšã³ã³ãŒãããŸãã ã³ããŒãªã¹ãã¯ãåç §ã«ãã£ãŠååŸãããé ç¹ããšã³ã³ãŒãããããããªã¹ãã§ãã察å¿ããã³ããŒãªã¹ããããã1ã®å Žåããã®é ç¹ããšã³ã³ãŒãããããã®ã«å±ããŸãã 次ã«ãCopylistãåæ§ã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã§RLEã«ãã£ãŠãšã³ã³ãŒããããCopyBlocksã«å€ãããŸãã
01110011010 -> 0,0,2,1,1,0,0
é·ã-åç¹°ãè¿ããããã¯ã®1 +æåã®ãããã¯ã®å€ïŒ1ãŸãã¯0ïŒãèšé²ããŸããæåŸã«æ®ã£ãŠãããŒãã¯ç Žæ£ã§ããŸãã
æ®ãã®é ç¹ã¯ã®ã£ããã«å€æããããŒãã¯åå¥ã«ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããïŒããã§ã¯ãŠã§ãã°ã©ãã®ç¹å¥ãªããããã£ã䜿çšãããŸããããã«ã€ããŠã¯ä»¥äžã§èª¬æããŸãïŒãæ®ãã®ã®ã£ããïŒæ®å·®ïŒã¯ããžã¿ã«ã³ãŒãã®1ã€ïŒ Golomb ã Elias Gamma ãããã³ãããã³æ¥µå€ïŒã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããŸãã
è¡š2ãããããããã«ããã®ãšã³ã³ãŒãã¯ãã«ãã¬ãã«ã«ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ãã«ãã¬ãã«ã®æ¬¡æ°ã¯ãšã³ã³ãŒããŒLã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã®1ã€ã§ããã Lã倧ãããšãšã³ã³ãŒãããã³ãã³ãŒãé床ã¯äœäžããŸãããå§çž®çã¯å¢å ããŸãã
ããã | é ç¹åºŠ | RefNr | ã³ããŒãããã¯æ° | ãããã¯ãã³ã㌠| ééã®æ° | ééïŒçžå¯Ÿå·Šã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ïŒ | ééã®é·ã | æ®å·® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
15 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 5,189,11,718 | ||
16 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 0,0,2,1,1,0,0 | 1 | 600 | 0 | 12,3018 |
17 | 0 | |||||||
18 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 50 | ||
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
è¡š2.è¡š1ã®ããŒã¿ã«å¯ŸããŠBoldiãšVignaãææ¡ããåç §ç¬Šå·åæ¹æ³[2]
ã¯ããŒã©ãŒããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã®ã®ã£ããã®ååžãPower-Lawã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã§ãã
å³1. .ukãµã€ãã®ã¹ãããã·ã§ããã§ã®ãã®ã£ãããã®ååž-1850äžããŒââãž
ããã«ãããWebã¯ããŒã©ãŒããã®é åºä»ããããããŒã¿ã®åœ¢ã§ãäžãããã¯ããŒãºãã¢ã«ãŠã³ããäžããããŠãããšèšããŸãã ãããŠãäžèšã®2ã€ã®æ¹åã§äœæ¥ãéçºããŸããåã®é ç¹ã®1ã€ãä¿®æ£ããŠãšããžã®ãªã¹ãããšã³ã³ãŒããïŒåç §ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒããã®ã£ãããã®åœ¢åŒã§ãšããžã®ãªã¹ããä¿åããŸãïŒã®ã£ãã[iã0] =ããŒã[i]-ãªã³ã¯[iã 0]ïŒ-ãããŠãäžèšã®åšæ³¢æ°å¿çã䜿çšããŠããã®ãªã¹ããå€ãã®æŽæ°ã³ãŒãã®1ã€ã§ãšã³ã³ãŒãããŸãã ãªã³ã¯ããšã«2ã5ããã[4]ã®ããã«ãããªãããŸããã£ããšèšããããåŸãŸããã [2]ããã³[3]ã§ã¯ãããŒã¿ãå°ããªãããã¯ã«ãšã³ã³ãŒããããããåçŽãªåç §ç¬Šå·åæ¹æ³ã§ããLMããã³SSLãææ¡ãããŸããã çµæã¯ãBVã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãããåªããŠããããããªãåçã§ãã ã®ã£ããã®ããåçŽãªã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã§ãWebããŒã¹ã§åçã®çµæãåŸããããšåæã«ãããŒã«ã«ã®ãé¡äŒŒæ§ãã䜿çšãããã¹ãŠã®æ¹æ³ããœãŒã·ã£ã«ããŒã¹ã§é¡èã«åãç¶ãããããšããç§èªèº«ã«ä»ãå ããããšæããŸãã
ãœãŒã·ã£ã«ã°ã©ãã§ã¯ããã®å¹æã¯èŠ³å¯ãããŠããªãããã§ããå³2ã¯ãvkontakteããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã®ããŸããŸãªéšåã§ã®ã®ã£ããã®ååžã瀺ããŠããŸãã èå³æ·±ãããšã«ãæåã®100äžã®ãã°/ãã°ã¢ã«ãŠã³ãã«ã€ããŠãã®ã£ããæ³ãå®éã«å®æœãããŠããŸãã ããããããŒã¿éã®å¢å ã«äŒŽãã ã®ã£ããã®ååžã¯ãŸããŸããçœãã«ãªãã€ã€ãããŸãã
|
|
|
ãµã³ãã«50kã | 10äžãµã³ãã« | 2Mãµã³ãã«ã |
å³2. vkontakte friendsããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã«ããã®ã£ããååžã
å³3.ã°ã©ãvkontakteã®é£æ¥è¡åã
å³4.ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã®ååŸã®é£æ¥è¡åã 10äžäººã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã
å³3ã¯ããã¬ã³ãã°ã©ãã®é£æ¥è¡åã察æ°åœ¢åŒã§ç€ºããŠããŸãã 圌女ã¯ãŸãããã®çš®ã®å§çž®ã«å€§ããªåžæãæ±ãããŠããŸããã äœããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã°ã©ããäºåã«ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒåãããšãããŒã¿ã¯ããã«èå³æ·±ããã®ã«ãªããŸãã å³4ã¯ãMCLïŒ ãã«ã³ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ïŒã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒååšãééããåŸã®é£æ¥è¡åã瀺ããŠããŸãã 察å¿è¡åã¯ã»ãŒå¯Ÿè§ç·ã«ãªããŸãïŒã«ã©ãŒãããã¯å¯Ÿæ°ãªã®ã§ãæããé»è²ã¯èŠçŽ éã®æ¥ç¶ãæ°æ¡å€ãããšãæå³ããŸãïŒ-WebGraphããã³ä»ã®å€ãã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ããã®ãããªããŒã¿ã®å§çž®ã«ãã§ã«åªããŠããŸãã ïŒçŸåšãæµ é[7]ã¯ãå§çž®ã«é¢ããŠç¥ã£ãŠããéãã§ã¯æé«ã§ãããããŒã¿ãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãæãé ããªã£ãŠããŸãïŒã
ãããåé¡ã¯ãææªã®å ŽåãMCLãæéçã«ãã¥ãŒããã¯ã§ãããã¡ã¢ãªå ã§2次ã§ãããšããããšã§ãïŒhttp://micans.org/mcl/man/mclfaq.html#howfastïŒã 人çã§ã¯ããã¹ãŠã察称ã°ã©ãïŒãœãŒã·ã£ã«ã°ã©ããšã»ãŒåãïŒã«ãšã£ãŠããã»ã©æªãã¯ãããŸããããç·åœ¢æ§ãšã¯ãŸã£ããåãã§ãã ããã«å€§ããªåé¡ã¯ãã°ã©ããã¡ã¢ãªã«åãŸãããåæ£ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ææ³ãèãåºãå¿ èŠãããããšã§ããããã¯ãŸã£ããå¥ã®è©±ã§ãã ãã®åé¡ã«å¯Ÿããäžéçãªè§£æ±ºçã¯ãAlberto ApostolicoãšGuido Drovandiã«ãã£ãŠèæ¡ãããŸãã[1]-å¹ åªå æ¢çŽ¢ïŒBFS-searchïŒã䜿çšããŠåçŽã«ã°ã©ãã®çªå·ãå€æŽããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãçžäºã«åç §ããŠããããŒãã®äžéšãè¿ãã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãæã€ããšãä¿èšŒãããŸãã 圌ãã®ä»äºã§ã¯ã圌ãã¯GAPã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãæ®ãããšã³ã³ãŒãããããªã³ã¯ããšã«1ã3ããããåä¿¡ãããããªãè€éãªåç §ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®ã¢ãã«ã«çœ®ãæããŸããã å®éãBFSãé ç¹ãæ£ããæ§æããçŽèŠ³ã¯ããŸãæ確ã§ã¯ãããŸãããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯æ©èœããŸã-VKontakteããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã«å¯ŸããŠãã®ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãè¡ããã®ã£ããã«ãããã¹ãã°ã©ã ãèŠãŸããïŒå³5ïŒ-éåžžã«ææã§ãã ãŸããBFSã®ä»£ããã«Deep First Searchã䜿çšããææ¡ããã·ã³ã°ã«ãªãŒããŒãªã©ã®ããè€éãªåã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ã¹ããŒã [7]ããããåæ§ã®å¢å ããããããŸãã BFSã®åã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ããæ©èœãã/æ©èœããçç±ã¯ãã1ã€ãããŸããWebArchiveããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã¯ååã«ãšã³ã³ãŒããããŠãããã©ã€ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã°ã©ãã®é 次ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ãã«ãã£ãŠååŸãããŸãã
å³5. BFSã€ã³ããã¯ã¹äœæåŸã®vkontakte friendsããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã«ããã®ã£ããååžã 100kãµã³ããªã³ã°
ã®ã£ãã | æ°é | å ±æãã |
---|---|---|
1 | 83812263 | 7.69ïŒ |
2 | 12872795 | 1.18ïŒ |
3 | 10643810 | 0.98ïŒ |
4 | 9097025 | 0.83ïŒ |
5 | 7938058 | 0.73ïŒ |
6 | 7032620 | 0.65ïŒ |
7 | 6322451 | 0.58ïŒ |
8 | 5733866 | 0.53ïŒ |
9 | 5230160 | 0.48ïŒ |
10 | 4837242 | 0.44ïŒ |
top10 | 153520290 | 14.09ïŒ |
è¡š2. BFSã€ã³ããã¯ã¹äœæåŸã®vkontakte friendsããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã«ããã®ã£ããååžã 1Mãµã³ãã«
Boldi and Vigna [5]ã®2çªç®ã®äœæ¥ã¯ãã®ã£ããã®ãªã¹ããããŸããŸãªããžã¿ã«ã³ãŒãã§ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããããããäžéãšããŠãããã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãšæ¯èŒããããšã®çè«çãªæ£åœåã«åœãŠãããŸãã åºæ¬ã¯ããšã³ã³ãŒããããå€ãZipfã®æ³åã«åŸã£ãŠé åžããããšããäºå®ã§ãã ããŸããŸãªã¢ã«ãã¡ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã®å§çž®äžéã¯ããªã³ã¯ããšã«4ã13ãããã§ããã VKontakteããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã®å Žåããã®ãšã³ã³ãŒãæ¹åŒã¯ãªã³ã¯ããšã«18ããããæäŸããŸããã ãã¡ãããããã¯æªããªããããŒã¹å šäœãRAMã«åããããšãã§ããŸãããäœåã§äžããããé åã®æšå®ããã¯ã»ã©é ãã§ãã å³5ã¯ãBFSã€ã³ããã¯ã¹äœæåŸã®ã®ã£ããã®ååžãšãå®éã®ããŒã¿ïŒã¢ã«ãã¡= 1.15ïŒã«å¯èœãªéãè¿ãzipfã®ååžã®æ¯èŒã瀺ããŠããŸãã å³6ã¯ãBFSã®åã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ãåŸã®ã°ã©ãã®é£æ¥è¡åã瀺ããŠããŸããããã¯ãå§çž®çãäœãçç±ãããåæ ããŠããŸãã察è§ç·ã¯ããæãããŠããŸãããå šäœçãªãã€ãºã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒåè¡åã«æ¯ã¹ãŠéåžžã«å€§ãããªã£ãŠããŸãã ãããã®ãæªããçµæã¯ã[6]ã§ã確èªãããŠããŸãã
å³6. vkontakteããŒã¹ã®é£æ¥è¡åã BFSã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹åäœæåŸã
ãã¯ãªã¯
ç¹å¥ãªæ³šæã«å€ããå¥ã®æ¹æ³ããããŸã-ã°ã©ãã®ããããã£ã®æŽ»çšã ã€ãŸãã2éšã°ã©ãã®éžæãšããµãã°ã©ãã®2ã€ã®éšåãæ¥ç¶ããä»®æ³é ç¹ã®çæã ããã«ããã2éšã°ã©ãã®å蟺ã®é ç¹ãªã¹ãã®é·ããçããªããŸãã éåžžããã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã¯NPå®å šã§ããã2éšæ§æã®ãµãã°ã©ããèŠã€ããã«ã¯å€ãã®åªãããã¥ãŒãªã¹ãã£ãã¯ããããŸãã ãã®æ¹æ³ã¯[9]ã§ææ¡ãããBVã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãä»ã®å€ãã®[10-11]ãçã¿åºããããã«ããã詳现ãªæ€èšã«å€ããŸãã å³6ã¯ã圌ã®äž»ãªã¢ã€ãã¢ã®ã¿ã説æããŠããŸãã
A1-> A2 B2 C2 D3
B1-> A2 B2 C2 D4 C1-> A2 B2 C2 D5 | A1-> V D3
B1-> V D4 C1-> V D5 V- > A2 B2 C2 |
å³6. Biklikã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã
æåŠ
- A. Albertoããã³G. DrovandiïŒBFSã«ããã°ã©ãå§çž®ã
- Szã GrabowskiãšW. BienieckiïŒã¿ã€ãã§ã·ã³ãã«ãªWebã°ã©ãå§çž®ã
- Szã GrabowskiãšW. Bienieckiå¹ççãªWebã°ã©ãå§çž®ã®ããã®é£æ¥ãªã¹ãã®ããŒãž
- P.ãã«ãã£ãšS.ãŽã£ã°ãïŒãŠã§ãã°ã©ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯IïŒå§çž®æè¡ã
- P. BoldiãšS. VignaïŒãŠã§ãã°ã©ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯IIïŒWorld-Wide-Webã®ã³ãŒãã WebGraphII.pdf
- P.ãã«ãã£ãšS.ãŽã£ã°ãã Webããã³ãœãŒã·ã£ã«ã°ã©ãã®çœ®æã
- ãã©ããªã»ããšãªãã§ããã£ãã©ãŽã£ã»ã¯ããŒã«ã ãœãŒã·ã£ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®å§çž®ã«ã€ããŠã
- æµ éãå®®èã西é¢ïŒWebã°ã©ãã®å¹ççãªå§çž®ã
- ã°ã¬ãŽãªãŒã»ãã¥ãŒã©ãŒãã¯ããŒã«ã»ã·ã§ã©ãã©ã ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«ããWebã°ã©ãå§çž®ãžã®ã¹ã±ãŒã©ãã«ãªãã¿ãŒã³ãã€ãã³ã°ã¢ãããŒã
- ã»ã·ãªã¢ã»ãã«ãã³ãã¹ããŽã³ãµãã»ãããã Webããã³ãœãŒã·ã£ã«ã°ã©ãã®å§çž®è¡šçŸã
- F. ClaudeãšG. NavarroïŒé«éã§ã³ã³ãã¯ããªWebã°ã©ãè¡šçŸã