誰ããç¥ã£ãŠãããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãæ©æ¢°ãèããŠãããã©ãããäŒè©±äžã®äººãšåºå¥ã§ãããã©ãããç解ããããšãã§ãããšèšãããŠããŸãã ããã¯äºçŽ°ãªè©±ã§ã¯ãªããå®éã«ã¯ãããããæ¹æ³ã§è»ãè¡ãæ¢ãŸãã«ããããšããäžæ¯ãšã®å°åã§ããããšã¯ç解ãããŠããŸãã äœã確èªããŸããïŒ äžã€ã ã-ãã·ã³ã¯ç§ãã¡ãå°ããŠãã質åã®æ¬è³ªãç解ããŠããŸããã 圌女ã¯åã«æ£åŒã«èšèãæäœããããšããŠããŸããããããšãäŒè©±ã®åæ段éã§åŸãç¥èããŸãã¯äžè¬ã«äººã ã«äžè¬çã«ç¥ãããŠããç¥èã䜿çšããŠãèšèã®æå³ãæ£ãã解éã§ããŸããïŒ
ãããããã¹ãäžãè»ã«å°ããããšã¯ç¹ã«é¢çœããªãïŒã¯ãªã³ãŽã©ã®æŠãã¯ãã€ã ã£ããã ããšãã°ã圌女ãèšãããšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã£ãšé¢çœãã§ãããªãããããªãŒãæ¶èããŠãããªã¢ã³ã³ã®ãã¿ã³ã匷ãæŒãã®ã§ããïŒ
人éã®æèãšã»ãšãã©ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®éãã¯ãæå³ã®ç解ã®åé¡ã«é¢é£ããŠããŸãã ååãšããŠãããã°ã©ã ãå ¥åæ å ±ãã©ã®ããã«èªèããŠè§£éãããã決å®ãããããªãå³æ ŒãªèŠåãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒããã°ã©ã ã«çœ®ãããŸãã äžæ¹ã§ãããã¯ããã°ã©ã ãšã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®èªç±ãå¶éããŸãããä»æ¹ã§ã¯ãäžæçãªæã®äžæ£ç¢ºãªè§£éã«é¢é£ãããšã©ãŒãåé¿ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
ã°ããŒãã«ã«ãæå³ãéä¿¡ããåé¡ã¯ã人ãã人ãžããŸãã¯äººããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãžããŸãã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿éã§ããã®ããã«èŠããŸãïŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžãããæ確ãã€æ確ã«éä¿¡ãããã»ã©ãéä¿¡åŽãšåä¿¡åŽã§äœ¿çšãããçšèªã®äžè²«æ§ã«ããé«ãèŠä»¶ã課ããããŸãã
ããã°ã©ã ãã©ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã§ãåãããã«å®è¡ãããå Žåããã¹ãŠã®ã³ãã³ããæ確ã«è§£éããããã®æ¡ä»¶ãäœæããŸãã æ°åŒãæžããšãããããã®è§£éã¯å¯Ÿè©±è ã®æ¬²æ±ã«äŸåããŸããã çžäºç解ãéæããããã«ç§åŠãè¿œæ±ããããã«ãå¯èœã§ããã°ãå ±éèšèªã®èšèã§ã¯ãªããæ確ã«å®çŸ©ãããç§åŠçšèªã䜿çšããŸãã
æ確ãªæ°åŠçããã³ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã çã¢ãããŒãã¯ãèªç¶èšèªã®ãã¡ãžãŒã»ãã³ãã£ã¯ã¹ãšæ¯èŒããŠãããé«ãã¬ãã«ã®æ å ±è¡šçŸã§ãããšæããããšããããŸãã ãããåæã«ãè€éãªæèã詳现ãã€æ°åŠçã«å³å¯ã«æžãããŠãããããã®æ¬è³ªãèªç¶èšèªã§ç°¡æœã«æ¯figçã«èª¬æããããšãè€éãªæèãç解ããã®ãã¯ããã«ç°¡åã«ãªããšããäºå®ã«ãã°ãã°ééããŸãã
次ã«ããã¡ãžãŒã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯èšè¿°ã®èåŸã«ãããã®ãšããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ãã¹ãã«åæ Œããããã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãåãã䟡å€ãããæ¹åã瀺ããŸãã
æå·åãšæå³
æå·åã®åéã®äŸãèããŠã¿ãŸãããã æå·åãããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®ã¹ããªãŒã ããããšããŸãã æå·åã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãæå·åã¡ã«ããºã ãšããŒã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ãããèŠåã«åŸã£ãŠãå ã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æåãåãã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®ä»ã®æåã«çœ®ãæããããšã«åºã¥ããŠããŸãã ã¢ã©ã³ã»ãã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ã¯äŒŒããããªãã®ãæ±ã£ãŠããããã€ãã®ãšãã°ãã®ã³ãŒããå£ããŠããŸãã ã
æåã眮ãæããããã®ã«ãŒã«ã¯ãããŒã«ãã£ãŠå®å šã«æ±ºå®ããããšä»®å®ããŸãã ããŒã®æéã»ããããããåããŒã®çœ®æã«ãŒã«ãåæåã«äžæã®å¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãããããã«èšå®ãããŠãããšããŸãã 次ã«ãã¡ãã»ãŒãžã埩å·åããã«ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®ããŒããœãŒãããéå€æãé©çšãã埩å·åãªãã·ã§ã³ã«æå³ã®ãããã®ããããã©ãããç解ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
æå³ãå€æããã«ã¯ããã³ãŒããããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã«å«ãŸããå¯èœæ§ã®ããåèªãå«ãèŸæžãå¿ èŠã§ãã ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®èªãèŸæžã®èªãšäžèŽãã圢åŒããšããšããã«ãæ£ããããŒãèŠã€ããã埩å·åãããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãåä¿¡ãããšèšããŸãã
ããŒã®éžæãé«éåããã«ã¯ãæ€èšŒããã»ã¹ã䞊ååããå¿ èŠããããŸãã çæ³çã«ã¯ãããŸããŸãªããŒãšåæ°ã®äžŠåããã»ããµã䜿çšã§ããŸãã ããã»ããµéã§ããŒãé åžããåããã»ããµã§ç¬èªã®ããŒã䜿çšããŠãã³ãŒããå®è¡ããŸãã 次ã«ãåããã»ããµãŒã§ãçµæã®æå³ã確èªããŸãã 1åã®ãã¹ã§ã䜿çšãããŠããã³ãŒãã«é¢ãããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªä»®èª¬ããã§ãã¯ããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®è§£èªã«æé©ãªä»®èª¬ãèŠã€ããããšãã§ããŸãã
æå³ã確èªããã«ã¯ãåããã»ããµãã¡ãã»ãŒãžå ã®å¯èœæ§ã®ããåèªã®èŸæžã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã å¥ã®ãªãã·ã§ã³-åããã»ããµã¯èŸæžã®ç¬èªã®ã³ããŒãæã¡ãæ€èšŒã®ããã«ãããåç §ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ããã§ã¯ãã¿ã¹ã¯ããã£ãšé¢çœãããŸãããã æåã¯ãæåã®èªåœãæ§æããããã€ãã®åèªããç¥ããªããšããŸãã ããã«ããã¹ãŠã®ããŒãšãã©ã³ã¹ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã«ãŒã«ãç¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ãã®åŸãã¡ãã»ãŒãžãããŒã§ãç¥ã£ãŠããåèªãå°ãªããšã1ã€ããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®ããŒã®ã¿ãååŸã§ããŸãã
解èªãããããã€ãã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æ£ããã³ãŒããèŠã€ãããšã以åã¯æªç¥ã ã£ãä»ã®åèªã®æ£ããã¹ãã«ãååŸããŸãã ãããã®åèªã䜿çšããŠãæ£ããçããèŠã€ããããã»ããµã®èŸæžãè£å ã§ããŸãã ããã«ãæ°ããåèªã¯ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ããã»ããµã«è»¢éãããããŒã«ã«ã®èŸæžãè£å ã§ããŸãã çµéšãç©ãã«ã€ããŠãå®å šãªèŸæžãš100ïŒ ã«è¿ã解èªããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãåŸããããŸã§ãã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®å²åãå¢ãããŸãã
è€æ°ã®ããŒãããšã³ã³ãŒããããã¡ãã»ãŒãžå ã®èŸæžã®åèªãããã«è¡šç€ºããå Žåãç¶æ³ã¯å¯èœã§ãã ãã®å Žåããã®ãããªã¡ãã»ãŒãžã¯æå·åãããŠããªãããšãèæ ®ããŠç¡èŠããããèŸæžã®åèªã«æãäžèŽããããŒãéžæããŸãã æå³ã®ããåèªãå¶çºçã«çºçããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããã®ãããªåèªã埩å·åãããããã¹ãã§ç¹°ãè¿ãçºçããå Žåãæ°ããåèªã«ããããããèšå·ãå ¥åããã確èªæžã¿ãèšå·ã«å€æŽããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
çµæãšããŠåŸãããåçŽãªæå·åã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ç§ãã¡ãéåžžæå³ãšåŒã¶ãã®ã«è¿ããæå³ãã®æŠå¿µãå°å ¥ãããããæäœã§ããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãæäŸã§ãããšããç¹ã§èå³æ·±ãã§ãã
ç¹å®ã®ããŒã§åŸããããã³ãŒãçµæã¯ããã®ããŒã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã®ãœãŒã¹ãšã³ã³ãŒããããããã¹ãã®è§£éãŸãã¯è§£éãšåŒã°ããŸãã æå·ã®æå³ã決å®ããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãèãããããã¹ãŠã®ã³ãŒã解éã®æ€èšŒãšã以åã®è§£éã®çµéšããã¹ãŠä¿åããã¡ã¢ãªã®èŠ³ç¹ããæã劥åœãšæãããã³ãŒãã®éžæã§ãã
æ å ±ã®æå³
æå·åé¡ã«å°å ¥ãããæå³ã®è§£éãšãã®æ±ºå®ã®ããã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãé¢æ£èŠçŽ ã§æ§æãããä»»æã®æ å ±ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®ããäžè¬çãªå Žåã«æ¡åŒµã§ããŸãã
ãæŠå¿µããšããçšèªãå°å ¥ããŸã-cïŒæŠå¿µïŒã åèšNåã®æŠå¿µãå©çšå¯èœã§ãããšæ³å®ããŠããŸãã å©çšå¯èœãªãã¹ãŠã®æŠå¿µã®ã»ãããèŸæžã圢æããŸã
äžé£ã®æŠå¿µã¯ãé·ãkã®æ å ±ã¡ãã»ãŒãžãšåŒã°ããŸãã ãããã§i jâC
ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã¯ã I int ïŒè§£éïŒã®è§£éã«é¢é£ä»ããããšãã§ãããšæ³å®ããŠããŸãã ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®è§£éã¯ãã»ããCã®æŠå¿µã§æ§æãããæ å ±ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã§ããããŸãã
解éãååŸããèŠåã玹ä»ããŸãã 解éã¯ãå ââã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®åæŠå¿µãä»ã®æŠå¿µãŸãã¯ããèªäœã§çœ®ãæããããšã«ãã£ãŠåŸããããšæ³å®ããŠããŸãã ãã®å Žåãã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æåã®æŠå¿µã¯ã解éãªã©ã®æåã®æŠå¿µã«å ¥ããŸãã
解éäžã«ã©ã®ãããªçœ®æãå®è¡ããããã«ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã·ã¹ãã ããããäžè¬çãªå Žåã«ã¯ç§ãã¡ã«ã¯ç¥ãããŠããªããšä»®å®ããŸãã
ã被éšè ãSã®æŠå¿µã玹ä»ããŸãã被éšè ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã圌ã®èšæ¶ãã€ãŸãå人çãªçµéšãã圌ãç¥ã£ãŠãã解éãããæ å ±ã®ã»ãããšããŠå®çŸ©ããŸãã 解éã®ããã³ã³ããŒãã¡ã³ãå ã®æ å ±ã¯ããã¢ãšããŠèšé²ã§ããŸã
ãã®åŸãã¡ã¢ãªã¯ãã®ãããªãã¹ãŠã®ãã¢ã®ã»ãããšããŠæžã蟌ãããšãã§ããŸã
åã¡ãã»ãŒãžãæ£ãã解éãæäŸããæºåãã§ããŠããæåž«ããããšããŸãã æå¡ã®èœåã掻çšããŠãåçæè²æ®µéãå®æœããŸãã æåž«ã«ãã£ãŠäžããããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãšè§£éãããã¡ãã»ãŒãž-解éãã¿ã€ãã®ãã¢ãšããŠèšæ¶ããŸãã
æåž«ãšåœ¢æãããèšæ¶ã«åºã¥ããŠãæŠå¿µãšãã®è§£éã®æ¯èŒã§ã·ã¹ãã ãèŠã€ããããšããããšãã§ããŸãã ç§ãã¡ãã§ããæãç°¡åãªããšã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªã«ä¿åãããŠãããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªè§£éãåæŠå¿µã«ã€ããŠåéããæŠå¿µã®å¯èœãªå€ã®ç¯å²ãååŸããããšã§ãã ç¹å®ã®è§£éã®äœ¿çšé »åºŠã¯ãé©åãªè§£éã®ç¢ºçã®æšå®å€ãäžããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããããå®éã«æ¯èŒããŠã·ã¹ãã ãèŠã€ããã«ã¯ãåççãªæ¹æ³ã§ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã®åé¡ã解決ããã¯ã©ã¹å ã§åãæŠå¿µãã©ã®ããã«è§£éããããã®åºæºã«åŸã£ãŠmiãªããžã§ã¯ããã¯ã©ã¹ã«åå²ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã åãã¯ã©ã¹å ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«ããããã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã®è§£éã®åãã«ãŒã«ãé©çšãããããšã確èªããããšããŸãã ã€ãŸããç¹å®ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã«å²ãåœãŠããã1ã€ã®ã¡ã¢ãªã«ã€ããŠãç¹å®ã®æŠå¿µãç¹å®ã®è§£éã«æž¡ããããšããã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ã¡ã¢ãªã§ãåã解éã«ãªããŸãã
é²è¡äžã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã®æ©èœã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã èšæ¶éã®è·é¢ã¯ãå ã®èšè¿°ãŸãã¯åŸããã解éã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã«ãã£ãŠã§ã¯ãªããå ã®èšè¿°ãã解éãåŸãããã«é¡äŒŒããèŠåãã©ã®ããã«äœ¿çšããããã«ãã£ãŠèšç®ãããŸãã ã€ãŸããã¯ã©ã¹ã§çµã°ããŠããã®ã¯äºãã«äŒŒãŠããããã«èŠããã¡ã¢ãªã§ã¯ãªãããããã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã®è§£éã®äžè¬çãªã«ãŒã«ãäžè¬çã§ããããšãå€æããã¡ã¢ãªã§ãã
ãã®ãããªã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã®çµæãšããŠååŸãããã¯ã©ã¹ããã³ã³ããã¹ãã-ContextãšåŒã³ãŸãã
ãµããžã§ã¯ãSã®ãã¹ãŠã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ã»ããã¯ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã¹ããŒã¹ã圢æããŸã
{ã³ã³ããã¹ãi | i = 1 ... N ã³ã³ããã¹ã }ã
iã³ã³ããã¹ãããšã«ãæŠå¿µè§£éã«ãŒã«ã®ã»ãããæå®ã§ããŸã
ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ã«ãŒã«ã®ã»ããã¯ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã«åºæã®ãã¹ãŠã®å€æãèšè¿°ãããåææŠå¿µ-解éãã®ãã¢ã®ã»ããã§ãã
äž»èŠãªãã¬ãŒãã³ã°æ®µéãå®äºããåŸãæ°ããæ å ±ã解éããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãå°å ¥ã§ããŸãã ã¡ã¢ãªMããã¡ã¢ãªM intãéžæããŸããããã¯è§£éã®ã¿ã§æ§æãããŸã
解éãšè§£éèšæ¶ã®äžè²«æ§ã®å°ºåºŠã玹ä»ããŸãã æãåçŽãªå Žåãããã¯è§£éãšã¡ã¢ãªèŠçŽ ã®äžèŽã®æ°ãã€ãŸãããã®ãããªè§£éã解éã¡ã¢ãªã§æ£ç¢ºã«äœåçºçãããã§ãã
ããã§ãæ°ããæ å ±Iã«ã€ããŠãå€æã³ã³ããã¹ãR jãåææ å ±ã«é©çšããããšã«ãããåã³ã³ããã¹ãContext jã®è§£éI j intãååŸã§ããŸãã ããã«ãçµæã®è§£éããšã«ã解éã¡ã¢ãªãšã®æŽåæ§ãå€æããããšãã§ããŸã
1ã€ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®èšç®ã¹ããŒã ã次ã®å³ã«ç€ºããŸãã
1ã€ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®èšç®ã¹ããŒã
jã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æ å ±ã解éãã確çãå°å ¥ããŸã
ãã®çµæãKåã®å¯èœãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ããããã«ãããæ å ±Iã®è§£éãšããã®è§£éã®ç¢ºçãååŸããŸãã
ãã¹ãŠã®ç¢ºçããŒãã«çããå Žåãæ å ±ã¯å¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãã£ãŠç解ãããã察象ã«ãšã£ãŠæå³ããªããšè¿°ã¹ãŸãã ãŒã以å€ã®ç¢ºçãããå Žåã察å¿ãã解éãæ å ±ã®å¯èœãªæå³ã®ã»ããã圢æããŸãã
ç¹å®ã®ãµããžã§ã¯ãã®æ å ±ã®1ã€ã®äž»èŠãªè§£éã決å®ããå Žåãæ倧ã®ç¢ºçå€ãæã€ã³ã³ããã¹ãã䜿çšã§ããŸãã
ååãšããŠãæ å ±ã«ã¯1ã€ã§ã¯ãªããããã€ãã®æå³ãå«ãŸããŸãã ãŒã以å€ã®ç¢ºçã§äž»èŠãªè§£éãšã¯ç°ãªã解éããšããšãè¿œå ã®æå³ãåºå¥ã§ããŸãã ãããããã®æé ã«ã¯èœãšãç©ŽããããŸãã éžæããéã«ã¯ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã®çžé¢é¢ä¿ãèæ ®ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã åŸã§ããããã詳现ã«æ€èšããŸãã
ãã®çµæããæå³ãã®æŠå¿µã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èª¬æã§ããŸãã ç¹å®ã®äž»é¡ã«é¢ããç¹å®ã®æ å ±ã®æå³ã¯ããããã®è§£éãšäž»é¡ã®èšæ¶ã®å¯Ÿå¿ã«é¢ããŠæãæåããŠãã解éã®ã»ããã§ãããããŸããŸãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã®æ å ±ã®åæã®çµæãšããŠåŸããããã®äž»é¡ã®çµéšã«åºã¥ããŠæ§ç¯ãããŸãã
æå³ã®å®çŸ©ã«é¢é£ããèšç®ã®äžè¬çãªã¹ããŒã ã¯ã䞊è¡ããŠåäœããã³ã³ããã¹ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®ã»ãããšããŠè¡šãããšãã§ããŸãïŒäžå³ãåç §ïŒã åã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã¯ãå€æã«ãŒã«ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã«åŸã£ãŠåæèšè¿°ã解éããŸãã ãã¹ãŠã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®ã¡ã¢ãªã®å 容ã¯åãã§ãã èšæ¶ãšã®æ¯èŒã¯ã解éãšçµéšã®è§£éã®è©äŸ¡ãæäŸããŸãã 解éã®ç¢ºçã«åºã¥ããŠãç¹å®ã®æå³ã®éžæãè¡ãããŸãã ãã®æé ã¯ãæ å ±ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³è§£éã䜿ãæãããããŸã§ç¹°ãè¿ãããŸãã
Kã³ã³ããã¹ããæã€ã·ã¹ãã ã§æå³ã®1ã€ã決å®ããããã®èšç®ã¹ããŒã
æ å ±ã®æå³ã決ãŸã£ãããæ°ããçµéšã§èšæ¶ãè£ãããšãã§ããŸãã ãã®æ°ãããšã¯ã¹ããªãšã³ã¹ã䜿çšããŠãåŸç¶ã®æ å ±ã®è§£éã決å®ããã³ã³ããã¹ããšå€æã«ãŒã«ã®ã¹ããŒã¹ãæ確ã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãåçæè²ã®å¥ã®æ®µéãéžæããã®ã§ã¯ãªããåã«çµéšãèç©ããªãããæå³ãåé¢ããèœåãåäžãããããšãã§ããŸãã
説æããã¢ãããŒãã¯ãæ å ±ãšãã®æå³ãçµã³ä»ããŠãããããã€ãã®éèŠãªãã€ã³ããå«ãŸããŠããŸãã
- ãã®ã¢ãããŒããé©çšå¯èœãªæ
å ±ã®èª¬æã¯ãé¢æ£ïŒå矩ïŒæŠå¿µããæ§ç¯ãããŸãã ããã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æŠå¿µãšãã®è§£éãæ¯èŒããã€ããªãã®ãŒã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ãããŸãã
- çµéšã«ãããã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ã¹ããŒã¹ãšãããã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®è§£éã«ãŒã«ãäœæã§ããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãæå³ã¯ãç¹å®ã®çµéšãååšããå Žåã«ã®ã¿å¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ãããŸãã
- ç°ãªã被éšè
ã®çµéšã¯ç°ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããããåãæ
å ±ãèªèããçµæãšããŠåŸãããæå³ãç°ãªãå ŽåããããŸãã
- æ
å ±ã¯ãåä¿¡è
ãç¹å®ã®æå³ãæã€å¯èœæ§ãæ倧ã«ãããããªæ¹æ³ã§ãéä¿¡è
ãç¹å¥ã«æºåããããšãã§ããŸãã
- ç¥èŠå¯Ÿè±¡ã«é¢ä¿ãªããæ
å ±ã«æå³ãå«ãŸããŠãããšèšã䟡å€ã¯ãããŸããã æå³ã¯ã被éšè
ãå®è¡ããæ
å ±ã®ã枬å®ãã®çµæã§ãã ç¹å®ã®äž»é¡ã®æå³ã決å®ããç¬éãŸã§ãæ
å ±ã«ã¯ããããã®è§£éã®ç¢ºçããŒãã§ã¯ãªããã¹ãŠã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã®è§£éãããã«å«ãŸããŸãã åã次å
ãã«ãããèããããæå³ã®1ã€ã確èªã§ããŸãã ãšããã§ããã®ç¹ã¯ãéåç³»ã®ç¶æ
ãšæž¬å®ã®ç¬éã®ã³ãã³ããŒã²ã³ã®è§£éãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã
ãã«ãŒããã©ãŒã¹åé¡
説æãããŠããæèŠæ±ºå®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãåæã®åé¡ãšããŠãç¥ãããŠããã¯ã©ã¹PãšNPã®åçæ§ã®åé¡ã«éåžžã«å¯æ¥ã«é¢é£ããŠããŸãã åæã®éç¶²çŸ çãªåé¡ã¯ã次ã®ããã«èª¬æã§ããŸãïŒè³ªåãããããã®è³ªåã«å¯Ÿããçããããããã®çãã®æ£ç¢ºæ§ãïŒå€é åŒæéã§ïŒãã°ãã確èªã§ããå Žåããã®è³ªåã«å¯Ÿããæ£ããçããèŠã€ããã®ã¯åããããæ©ãïŒå€é åŒæéã§ãå€é åŒã¡ã¢ãªã䜿çšããŠïŒ ïŒ
ããšãã°ãçŽ æ°ã®ããŒãã«ãç¹å®ã®æ°ãããã³ç¹å®ã®çŽ æ°ã®ã»ããããã®æ°ã®å解ã§ãããšããã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãããããšããŸãã ãã®ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããæ€èšŒããã«ã¯ãææ¡ãããã»ããããçŽ æ°ãä¹ç®ããæ°ãåŸããããã©ããã確èªããã ãã§ååã§ãã ãããããã®æ°ãçŽ å æ°ã«å解ãããã ãã®å Žåããã¹ãŠã®çŽ å æ°ãå埩åŠçããå¿ èŠããããŸãã å ã®æ°ã®é·ããå¢å ãããšãåæããå¿ èŠãããçŽ æ°ã®æ°ã¯ææ°é¢æ°çã«å¢å ããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãåæã«åºã¥ããœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶ã®è€éãã®ç·åœ¢å¢å ã«é¢ããŠææ°é¢æ°çã«è€éã§ããããšãããããŸãã ã¯ã©ã¹PãšNPã®ç䟡æ§ã®åé¡ã¯ãå ¥åããŒã¿ã®å€é åŒæéãšã¡ã¢ãªã®è€éãã§ãããã解決ã§ããåæã«åºã¥ããã®åé¡ããã®ä»ã®è€éãªåé¡ã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ããããã©ããã®åé¡ã§ãã ãå°é£ãªãåé¡ããåçŽãªãåé¡ã«æžããããšãã§ããå Žåãã¯ã©ã¹ã¯åçã§ãã
ä»æ¥ãéçŽã®å¹³çã®åé¡ã¯éãããŠããŸãããã»ãšãã©ã®æ°åŠè ã¯ãããã®éçŽããŸã å¹³çã§ã¯ãªããšä¿¡ããŠããŸãã ãã¹ãŠã®å ¬ééµæå·åã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®äœæ¥ã¯ãæ€èšŒã¯ç°¡åã ãèŠã€ãã«ãããã®ããããšããäºå®ã«åºã¥ããŠãããããã»ãšãã©ã®æ°åŠè ã«ãããšãæå·åã¯ä¿¡é Œã§ãããšããããšã§ãã
ç§ãã¡ã®å Žåãããã€ãã®èª¬æã®æ£ãã解éãäžãããããšãã«ãäžé£ã®æŠå¿µããããã®æŠå¿µã§æ§æããã説æãããã³ããã€ãã®åŠç¿çµéšããããŸãã
ãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ããŒã¿ã«åºã¥ããŠãå¯èœãªè§£éã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«ã§ããŸãã ã€ãŸããããããã®æŠå¿µã«ã€ããŠããããã©ã®è§£éãæ¡çšããããèŠãŠãããã«å¯Ÿããä»ã®è§£éã¯ãªããšä»®å®ããŸãã
ããã§ãäœããã®èª¬æã解éããããšãã§ããŸãã èšå€§ãªçµéšãããã䜿çšããã¡ã¢ãªã«ã¯ããããã説æã«å¯ŸããŠå¯èœãªãã¹ãŠã®æ£ãã解éããããšä»®å®ããŸãã 次ã«ã説æã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã«åãå ¥ãããã解éã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ãããèãããããã¹ãŠã®ãžã§ã€ã³ãã®çµã¿åãããæ§æãããããã®ãããããã¡ã¢ãªã®å 容ã«äŒŒãŠãããã©ããã確èªããããšãã§ããŸãã ç§ãã¡ã®èšæ¶ã¯èšå€§ãªã®ã§ã確ãã«å¶ç¶ã®äžèŽããããŸãïŒãã¡ãããå ã®ãã¬ãŒãºãæ£ããå Žåãé€ããŸãïŒã ãããå¯äžã®ãã®ã§ããå Žåãããã¯åæèšè¿°ã®æ£ãã解éã«ãªããŸãã
ãœãŒãããå¿ èŠãããçµã¿åããã®æ°ã¯ãå ã®èª¬æã®ãã¹ãŠã®æŠå¿µã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ã®æ¬¡å ã®ç©ã«çãããªããŸãã ããšãã°ã10ã®æŠå¿µã®èª¬æãšãåæŠå¿µã®10ã®å¯èœãªè§£éã«ã€ããŠã¯ã100åã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ããããŸãã èšè¿°ã®é·ããšè§£éã®æ°ãå¢å ããææ°é¢æ°çã«æé·ãããšãããããçµã¿åããççºãçºçããŸãã
ããèšèªããå¥ã®èšèªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãšå€§ãŸããªé¡äŒŒæ§ãæãããšãã§ããŸãã ããã¹ããšãã®ç¿»èš³ã®ãµã³ãã«ã䜿çšããŠãååèªããã®å¯èœãªç¿»èš³ã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ãå¥ã®èšèªã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ããããšãå¯èœã§ãã æ¡ä»¶ä»ãã§æ£ãã翻蚳ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ïŒåèªèªäœã®ç¿»èš³ä»¥å€ã¯èæ ®ããŸããïŒã¯ãåã ã®åèªã®å¯èœãªç¿»èš³ã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ã§æ§æãããçµã¿åããã®1ã€ã§ãã å®éã®èšèªã®å Žåãã»ãšãã©ã®å Žåãæ°åãæ°å ããŸãã¯ãã以äžã®çµã¿åãããåŸãããŸãã ãã®å Žåããã¹ãŠã®æ£ãããªãã¡ãŒã®ããŒã¿ããŒã¹ãå¿ èŠã§ãã 圌女ã®ãµã€ãºãæ³åã§ããŸãã
æèçã¢ãããŒãã«ããã解éã·ã¹ãã ã®ãã¿ãŒã³ãèå¥ããããšã§èšç®ãå€§å¹ ã«ç°¡çŽ åã§ããŸãã æŠå¿µãšãã®è§£éãæ¯èŒããããã®äžè¬çãªèŠåãããå Žåãæ£ãã解éäŸã芳å¯ããããšã§ããããã®èŠåã匷調ããããšãã§ããŸãã ã³ã³ããã¹ããšåŒã°ããäžè¬çãªã«ãŒã«ã®ç¯å²ã å ¥åæ å ±ã®å¯èœãªè§£éã«é¢ãã仮説ããã¹ãããã«ã¯ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§çºçãã解éã®ã¿ããã§ãã¯ããã ãã§ååã§ãã
å¿ èŠãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã®æ°ã¯ãå ¥åæ å ±ã®æ§è³ªãšãååŸãããæå³ãç解ãã粟床ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸããŸãã å®éã®åé¡ã§ã¯ãçµã¿åããã®ç·æ°ãäœæ¡ã倧ãããªãå¯èœæ§ããããšããäºå®ã«ãããããããçŸäžãè¶ ããã³ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã»ãšãã©åžžã«ãè¯ãçµæãåŸãã®ã«ååã§ã¯ãããŸããã
翻蚳ãäŸã«ç¶ãããšãæèçã¢ãããŒãã«ãããå€ãã®åèªã®ç¿»èš³ãäºãã«äžè²«ããã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®åºå®æ°ãéžæã§ããããšã瀺åãããŸãã ããšãã°ãããã¹ããç§åŠçãªæ§è³ªã®ãã®ã§ãããšå€æã§ããå Žåã1ã€ãé€ãå®è³ªçã«ãã¹ãŠã®å€åœ¢ããå€ãã®åèªã®èãããã解éã®ç¯å²ãæ®ããŸãã ä»ã®ãããã¯ã§ãåæ§ã§ãã
翻蚳å ã®ã©ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ããããã¬ãŒãºã®è§£éãããå¯èœæ§ãé«ããšæãããã³ã³ããã¹ãã«ãã£ãŠåªå ãããã¹ããã決å®ããããšãå¯èœã§ãã ãã®ãããªåèªã®ã»ãããå«ããã¬ãŒãºããã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æ€åºãããé »åºŠã«åºã¥ããŠå«ããã 説æããå 容ã§ã¯ãå®éã®ç¿»èš³ã·ã¹ãã ã§äœ¿çšãããŠããæ¹æ³ãšå€ãã®å ±éç¹ãèŠãããšãã§ããŸãããããã¯é©ãããšã§ã¯ãããŸããã
ãã¬ãŒã
説æãããŠããã³ã³ããã¹ãã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã¢ãã«ã¯ãå€ãã®ç¹ã§ãMarvin MinskyïŒãç¥èãè¡šçŸããããã®ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ããMarvin MinskyïŒ ã«ãããã¬ãŒã ã®æŠå¿µãšåãåé¡ã解決ããŸãã ã¢ãã«ãçŽé¢ããå ±éã®èª²é¡ã¯ãå¿ ç¶çã«åæ§ã®å®è£ ã«ã€ãªãããŸãã ãã¬ãŒã ãèšè¿°ããããã«ããã³ã¹ããŒã¯ããã€ã¯ãã¯ãŒã«ãããšããçšèªã䜿çšãããã®äžã§èšè¿°ãã«ãŒã«ãããã³ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«äžå®ã®äžè²«æ§ãããç¶æ³ãç解ããŸãã ãã®ãããªãã€ã¯ãã¯ãŒã«ãã¯ãå®çŸ©ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ããšæ¯èŒã§ããŸããã¡ã¢ãªããæãæåãããã¬ãŒã ã®éžæãšå®éã®ç¶æ³ãžã®é©å¿ããæå³ã決å®ããæé ãšå€§éšåæ¯èŒã§ããŸãã
ãã¬ãŒã ã䜿çšããŠèŠèŠã·ãŒã³ãèšè¿°ããå Žåããã¬ãŒã ã¯ç°ãªããèŠç¹ããšããŠæ±ãããŸããããã«ãç°ãªããã¬ãŒã ã«ã¯å ±éã®ç«¯åãããããã¬ãŒã éã§æ å ±ã調æŽã§ããŸããããã¯ãç°ãªãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§è§£éèŠåãç°ãªããœãŒã¹èšè¿°ãåã解éèšè¿°ã«å°ãæ¹æ³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã
ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã§äžè¬çã§ããããã¬ãŒã çè«ã«çŽæ¥é¢é£ãããªããžã§ã¯ãæåã¢ãããŒãã¯ãåãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ã€ã¹ãç°ãªãã¿ã€ãã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«é©çšããããšãã«ç°ãªãã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãåŒãèµ·ããå Žåãããªã¢ãŒãã£ãºã ã®æŠå¿µã䜿çšããŸããããã¯ãé©åãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æ å ±ã解éãããšããèãã«ååã«è¿ããã®ã§ãã
åã質åã«çããå¿ èŠæ§ã«é¢é£ããã¢ãããŒãã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã«ãããããããæè-æå³è«çã¡ã«ããºã ã¯ãã¬ãŒã çè«ãšã¯å€§ããç°ãªããåŸã§èŠãããããã«ãããã«éå®ãããŸããã
ã³ã³ããã¹ãã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã¢ãããŒãã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ãè³ãééãæäœããããããçš®é¡ã®æ å ±ã«çããé©çšã§ããããšã§ããå®éã®è³ã®ç®è³ªã®ããŸããŸãªé åã¯ãå éšçµç¹ã®èŠ³ç¹ããéåžžã«äŒŒãŠããŸããããã«ããããã¹ãŠåãæ å ±åŠçåçã䜿çšããŠãããšæãããŸããæå³ã®å²ãåœãŠã«é¢é£ããã¢ãããŒããããã®ãããªåäžã®ååã®åœ¹å²ã䞻匵ããå¯èœæ§ãéåžžã«é«ãã§ããã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã¡ã«ããºã ã䜿çšãããšããèãæ¹ã®åºæ¬ã瀺ãããã«ãããã€ãã®ãããŒã䜿çšããŠã¿ãŸãããã
æå³æ å ±
ãã¬ãŒãºãæ§æããåèªã¯ãã¹ããŒãªãŒã®å šäœçãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã«å¿ããŠç°ãªã解éãå¯èœã§ãããã ããååèªã«ã€ããŠãä»ã®åèªã§èª¬æãããŠããäžé£ã®æå³ãæ§æããããšã¯å¯èœã§ããåãåèªã®ç°ãªã解éãäŸåãããã®ã«åŸããªãã解éã®äž»é¡åéãåºå¥ã§ããŸãããã®ãããªé åå ã§ã¯ãå€ãã®åèªã«ã¯ãåéã®ããŒãã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ãããæ確ãªæå³ããããŸãããã®ãããªããŒãé åã®ã»ãããã³ã³ããã¹ãã¹ããŒã¹ã§ããã³ã³ããã¹ãã¯ãã¹ããŒãªãŒããªã³ã°ã®æéãæ°ãæ§å¥ãäž»é¡é åãäž»é¡ãªã©ã«é¢é£ä»ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããèšèªããå¥ã®èšèªã«ç¿»èš³ãããšãã«ããã¬ãŒãºã®ååèªã®å¯èœãªè§£éã®éžæã«é¢é£ããåæ§ã®ç¶æ³ãçºçããŸããåèªã®å¯èœãªç¿»èš³ãªãã·ã§ã³ã¯ããã®åèªã®å¯èœãªæå³ã®ç¯å²ãæ確ã«ç€ºããŸãïŒä»¥äžã®å³ïŒã
翻蚳äžã«çºçããå¯èœæ§ã®ãã解éã®ç¯å²ã®äŸ
ãã¬ãŒãºã®æå³ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ããã®ãããªæèã®éžæãšããã®æå³ãç解ããããšããŠãã人ã®çµéšã«åºã¥ããŠããã£ãšããããæãäœæããåèªã®ãã®ãããªè§£éã®ååŸã§ãã
ç°ãªãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§åããã¬ãŒãºãç°ãªã解éãäœæããå ŽåããããŸãããåæã«ããããã®è§£éã¯ä»¥åã®çµéšã«åºã¥ããŠåãå ¥ããããŸããã¿ã¹ã¯ããã®ãããªãã¬ãŒãºã®äžæã®æå³ã決å®ããããšã§ããå Žåã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªãšäžèŽãã解éãé«ã解éãéžæããããã«å¿ããŠèšç®ããã確çãéžæã§ããŸãããã¬ãŒãºãå ã ææ§ã§ãããšç·šéãããå Žåãããããã®æå³ãå¥ã ã«ç¥èŠãããã¬ãŒãºã®èè ãèªçºçãŸãã¯éèªçºçã«ãããã1ã€ã®ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãã«çµåããããšãã§ãããšããäºå®ãè¿°ã¹ãããšãé©åã§ãã
èªç¶èšèªã¯ãæå³ãè¡šçŸããã³äŒéããããã®åŒ·åãªããŒã«ã§ãããã ãããã®åã¯ãç¥èŠå¯Ÿè±¡ã®çµéšã«å¿ããŠã解éã®ææ§ããšãã®ç¢ºçè«çãªæ§è³ªã®ããã«éæãããŸããã»ãšãã©ã®æ¥åžžçãªç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãããã¯ç°¡æœã§ããªãæ£ç¢ºãªæå³ã®äŒéã«ååã§ãã
äŒéãããæå³ãããªãè€éã§ããå Žåãããšãã°ç§åŠçãŸãã¯æ³çåé¡ãè°è«ããå Žåãªã©ãéåžžã«é »ç¹ã«çºçãããããç¹å¥ãªçšèªã®äœ¿çšã«åãæ¿ããããšã¯çã«ããªã£ãŠããŸããçšèªãžã®ç§»è¡ã¯ã察è«è ãèšèã®çšèªã察è«è ã«ãã£ãŠå¹³çã«è§£éãããããªèª¿æŽãããæèã®å¯Ÿè«è ã«ããéžæã§ãããã®ãããªã³ã³ããã¹ããäž¡æ¹ã®å¯Ÿè©±è ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã«ãªãã«ã¯ããããããé©åãªçµéšãå¿ èŠãšããŸããåãç解ã®ããã«ãçµéšã¯åæ§ã§ããå¿ èŠããããããã¯é©åãªãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ãéããŠéæãããŸãã
èªç¶èšèªã®å Žåã¯ã説æã®å®å šãªäžèŽã ãã§ãªãã説æã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã«ãåºã¥ããŠãã³ã³ããã¹ããšã¡ã¢ãªã®äžè²«æ§ã®å°ºåºŠã䜿çšã§ããŸãããã®åŸãããå€ãã®å¯èœãªæå³ãå©çšå¯èœã«ãªãããã¬ãŒãºã®è¿œå ã®è§£éã®å¯èœæ§ã衚瀺ãããŸããããšãã°ããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ããšã©ãŒãå éšççŸãå«ããã¬ãŒãºãæ£ãã解éã§ããŸããæ¯figçã«ããŸãã¯æ¯urçã«è©±ããã
æå³ã決å®ããéã«ãç©èªã®äžè¬çãªæèãèæ ®ããã®ã¯ç°¡åã§ãããã®ããããã¬ãŒãºãç°ãªãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§è§£éã§ããå Žåã以åã®ãã¬ãŒãºã§ã¢ã¯ãã£ãã ã£ãã³ã³ããã¹ããåªå ããäžè¬çãªã³ã³ããã¹ããèšå®ããå¿ èŠããããŸãããã¬ãŒãºãã¡ã€ã³ã®ãã©ãã£ããšã¯ç°ãªãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã®ã¿è§£éã§ããå Žåãããã¯ãã©ãã£ããå¥ã®ãããã¯ã«åãæ¿ãããšèŠãªãã¹ãã§ãã
é³å£°æ å ±
ã¢ããã°ãªãŒãã£ãªä¿¡å·ã¯ç°¡åã«é¢æ£åœ¢åŒã«å€æãããŸãããããè¡ãã«ã¯ãé£ç¶ä¿¡å·ããµã³ããªã³ã°åšæ³¢æ°ã§è¡ããã枬å®ã«çœ®ãæãããããšãã«ãæåã«æéãµã³ããªã³ã°ãå®è¡ãããŸãã次ã«ãæ¯å¹ éååãå®è¡ãããŸãããã®å Žåãä¿¡å·ã¬ãã«ã¯æãè¿ãéååã¬ãã«ã®çªå·ã«çœ®ãæããããŸãã
åŸãããä¿¡å·èšé²ãæéééã«åå²ããããããã«ã€ããŠããŒãªãšå€æãå®è¡ã§ããŸãããã®çµæãé³é¿ä¿¡å·ã¯äžé£ã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«æž¬å®ã®åœ¢åŒã§èšé²ãããŸãïŒäžå³ïŒã
é³å£°ä¿¡å·ã®äŸã¿ã€ã ããŒã¹ã¹ãã¯ãã«ã¯ã
Nåã®ã¿ã€ã ã¹ãããã®æéãšãªã³ã°èå¥åãå°å ¥Tãããªãã¡ããŸãæ°N Tã¯ã 1ããNã®ç¯å²ã§Tã N T + 1ééãåã³1ã«çªå·ãä»ããŸãããã®çµæãN Tééããšã«åãæ°å€ãååŸããŸãã
ããŒãªãšå€æã«N Fåã®åšæ³¢æ°ééãå«ãŸããŠãããšä»®å®ããŸããããã¯ãåã¹ãã¯ãã«æž¬å®ã«N Fã®è€çŽ æ°å€ãå«ãŸããããšãæå³ããŸããåè€çŽ å€ããã®æ¯å¹ ãšäœçžã§çœ®ãæããéååããŸãã N Aã®éååã¬ãã«ã®æ¯å¹ ãN Pã®äœçžã¬ãã«ã
N Tæéééã®ç¯å²å ã§ãã¹ãã¯ãã«èšé²ã®åèŠçŽ ã¯ãæéééã³ãŒããåšæ³¢æ°å€ãæ¯å¹ å€ãäœçžå€ã®çµã¿åããã§èšè¿°ã§ããŸããCã®æŠå¿µã®ã»ãããå®è¡ããŠããªã³ã°èå¥åã®åšæã§æå®ãããééå ã®é³ãèšè¿°ããããšãã§ããŸããããã¯ããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªçµã¿åãããããã
ãã®ãããªæŠå¿µããããç·
åŸã£ãŠãæŠå¿µã®ã»ããCã¯ã Nå çŽ å«æ
Nãè¶ ããªãä»»æã®é³å£°ä¿¡å·Tã®ã¿ã€ã ã¹ãããã¯ããã®ãããªæŠå¿µã®è»¢éãä»ããŠæ å ±ã®ããã«æžãããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã§ãi J âC
ãããã®åãæŠå¿µã䜿çšããŠãä»»æã®è§£éãæžãçããããšãã§ããŸãã
é³å£°ä¿¡å·ã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ãèšé²ããåçãèŠããšããããã®é³ã®æŠå¿µã¯ãããããç¹å®ã®åº§æšãšæãããæã€ç¹ã§ãããŸã ãã§ãŒãºããããŸãããç»åã«ã¯è¡šç€ºãããŸããããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªè²ïŒæ¯å¹ ïŒãæã€ãã¹ãŠã®ãã€ã³ãã®ã»ãããããã®ã§ããã¡ãããã©ããªçµµã§ãæãããšãã§ããŸãã
é³åã®èªèã«ã¯ãçŸåšã®é³ãã¡ã¢ãªã«ä¿åãããŠãããã®ã«é¢ããŠå€æã§ãããšããæ¡ä»¶ã§ãåãé³åã®èªèãå¿ èŠã§ããäž»ãªé³ã®å€åã¯ãé³éã®å€åãé³ã®ããŒã®å€åãé³ã®ãã³ãã®å€åãé³ã®å§ãŸãã®å€åã§ãã
ãããã®å€æã¯æ¬¡ã®ãã®ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã
- æ¯å¹
ã®å€åã
- åšæ³¢æ°ãªãã»ãã;
- æéã¹ã±ãŒã«ã®ç·åœ¢å€åã
- ã¿ã€ã ã©ã€ã³ã·ããã
å€æã®å¯èœãªçµã¿åãããã«ããŒããã³ã³ããã¹ã空éã玹ä»ããŸããã³ã³ããã¹ãããšã«ã移è¡ã«ãŒã«ãäœæã§ããŸããã€ãŸãã察å¿ããå€æã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§å ã®åæŠå¿µãã©ã®ããã«èŠããããèšè¿°ã§ããŸããããšãã°ãåšæ³¢æ°ã1ã€äžã®äœçœ®ã«å€æŽããã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®æŠå¿µã¯ããããã1ã€äžã®äœçœ®ã«ã·ãããã解éãåãåããŸãã1 kHzã®çŽç²ãªé³ã¯ãé³ã100 Hzã ãäžã«ã·ãããããšããç¹ã§ã900 Hzã®é³ãšåãã§ããä»ã®ã¿ã€ãã®å€æã§ãåæ§ã§ãã
ç°ãªãã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æŠå¿µã移è¡ããããã®èŠåã説æããåŸãå€æã«é¢ä¿ãªãåãé³åãèªèããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸããçºè©±ã®ç¬éãé³éãããããããã³é³å£°ã®é床ã¯ãçŸåšã®æ å ±ãã¡ã¢ãªã«ä¿åãããŠããæ å ±ãšæ¯èŒããæ©èœã«åœ±é¿ããŸãããçŸåšã®é³ã¯ãããããå¯èœãªç¶æ³ã§ããŸããŸãªè§£éã«å€æãããŸããç®çã®å€æã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ã¯ã説æã¯ã以åã«èãããã®ãç°¡åã«èªèã§ãã解éã«ãªããŸãã
å®éã«ã¯ãããšãã°é³å£°ãªã©ã®è€éãªä¿¡å·ãåŠçããå Žåã1ã€ã®åŠçã¹ãããã§ã¯å®è¡ã§ããªãããšãå€æããŠããŸããæåã¯ãåçŽãªé³çŽ ã®éžæãå¶éããããšããå§ãããŸããã³ã³ããã¹ãã«ã¯ãäžèšã®åºæ¬é³ã®å€æèŠåãå«ãŸããŸãã次ã«ãé³çŽ ã§æ§æããã説æãæžããŸãããã®å Žåãé³çŽ ã¯é³ã®åœ¢ã ãã§ãªãããã®é«ããäžæçãªäœçœ®ãçºé³é床ãèå¥ããããªãè€éãªèŠçŽ ã«ãªããŸãã次ã«ãé³çŽ ã§æ§æãããæ å ±ã¯ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã®æ°ããã¹ããŒã¹ã§åŸç¶ã®åŠçãåããããšãã§ããŸãã
ã³ã³ããã¹ãã¯è€éãªå ŽåããããåçŽãªå€æã«éå®ãããŸããããã®å Žåãé©åãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã®å®çŸ©ãã®ãã®ãè¿œå æ å ±ãäœæããŸããããšãã°ãé³å£°ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã¯ãããŸããŸãªã€ã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãšèšèªã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã§ããã€ã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãšã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã«ãããèªèã®ç²ŸåºŠãåäžããã ãã§ãªãããã¬ãŒãºã®èšãæ¹ã«é¢ããè¿œå ã®ç¥èãåŸãããšãã§ããŸãã
èŠèŠæ å ±
ç»åãæäœããæãç°¡åãªæ¹æ³ãæ€èšããŠãã ãããè²ãèšå®ãããŠãããã€ã³ãã§æ§æãããããããããããããšããŸããç»åãçœé»ã«å€æãããããã®èŒåºŠå€ã®ã¿ãæ®ããŸããç»åã®èŒªéãéžæããŠã¿ãŸãããïŒããšãã°ãCannyã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ïŒJOHN CANNYããšããžæ€åºãžã®èšç®çã¢ãããŒãïŒã䜿çšããŸãïŒä»¥äžã®å³ïŒïŒã
å¢çç·ãéžæããçµæ
次ã«ãç»åãå°ããªæ£æ¹åœ¢ã®é åã«åå²ããŸããå¢çç·ãéãåå°ããªé åã§ã¯ããã®ç·ã¯çŽç·ã»ã°ã¡ã³ãã§è¿äŒŒã§ããŸããæ¹åN Oã®éååæ°ãèšå®ãã察å¿ããæ¹åã決å®ããŸããããã§ãåæ£æ¹åœ¢ã«å¢çç·ãå«ãŸããŠããå Žåãå¢çç·ã®æ¹åã«æãè¿ãæ¹åçªå·ãæå®ã§ããŸããããè€éã§ããããã£ãŠãããæ£ç¢ºãªèª¬æãå ¥åã§ããŸãããããšãã°ããã®ãããªåçŽåãããã¢ãã«ã䜿çšããŸãã
é åã«ç»åãåå²ããã¡ãã·ã¥ãµã€ãºãšä»®å®ããN X NãšYãèãããããã¹ãŠã®çµã¿åããã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæŠå¿µãå«ãæŠå¿µCã®ã»ããã玹ä»ããŸã
ãã®ãããªæŠå¿µã¯èã
ãããã£ãŠãç»åã®æ å ±ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãé¢é£ããæŠå¿µåœŒã®è»¢éã«äœæžããããšãã§ã
ãç§ã¯J âC
ä»ãç§ãã¡ã¯äžå€ã®èªèç»åã®åé¡ã«èå³ãæã£ãŠããŸããäžå€æ§ãéæãããäžé£ã®å€æãèããŠã¿ãŸããããæãäžè¬çãªå€æãã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ïŒ
- æ°Žå¹³ã·ãã;
- åçŽã·ãã;
- ã¿ãŒã³;
- äžè¬çãªãºãŒã ;
- Xã¹ãã¬ãã/å§çž®;
- YåŒåŒµ/å§çž®
ãããã®å€æã¯ã空éçãªå€äœãšå転äžã«å¹³é¢å³ã®æ圱ãã©ã®ããã«å€åãããã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããããæãèå³æ·±ããã®ã§ãã
次ã«ãã³ã³ããã¹ãã¹ããŒã¹ãäœæããŸãããããè¡ãã«ã¯ãå€æã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãéååããŸããã€ãŸããããããé¢æ£å€ã«åå²ããŸãããããŠããããã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã®å¯èœãªçµã¿åãããçºçããéãå€ãã®ã³ã³ããã¹ããäœæããŸãã
ã³ã³ããã¹ãããšã«ãæŠå¿µãå€æããããã®ã«ãŒã«ã説æã§ããŸãããããã£ãŠãåçŽç·ã¯90床å転ãããšæ°Žå¹³ã«ãªããïŒ0,0ïŒã®åçŽç·ã¯ïŒ10,0ïŒã®åçŽç·ã«ãªãã10ããžã·ã§ã³ã®æ°Žå¹³ã·ãããªã©ãè¡ãããŸãã
å€æã®èŠåãå®çŸ©ããåŸã1ã€ã®ç»åãäžåºŠè¡šç€ºããŠèšæ¶ããã ãã§ãå€æããã圢åŒã§ç»åã衚瀺ããŠãç»åãšå€æã®ã¿ã€ãã®äž¡æ¹ã決å®ã§ââããŸããåã³ã³ããã¹ãã¯ã説æããã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ç¹åŸŽã§ãã解éã«å€æããŸããã€ãŸãã説æã®å¹ŸäœåŠçå€æãå®è¡ãããããã¡ã¢ãªãšæ¯èŒããŠç §åããŸãããã®ãããªãã§ãã¯ããã¹ãŠã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§äžŠè¡ããŠå®è¡ãããå Žåã1ã¯ããã¯ãµã€ã¯ã«ã§ãœãŒã¹æ å ±ã®æå³ãèŠã€ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®å Žåãç»åãèªèãããŠããã°ããããç§ãã¡ã«éŠŽæã¿ããããçŸåšã®å€æã決å®ãããŸãã
説æããå€æã«éå®ããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããããšãã°ããã·ãŒãã®æ²ãããªã©ã®å€æã䜿çšã§ããŸãããã ããå€æã®éãå¢ãããšãã³ã³ããã¹ãã®æ°ãææ°é¢æ°çã«å¢å ããŸããå®éã«ã¯ã説æããæ¹æ³ã䜿çšããŠç»åãåŠçããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ãããéåžžã«åŒ·åãªæé©åãå¯èœã«ãªãããªã¢ã«ã¿ã€ã ã®èšç®ãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãããã®ãããªã¢ã€ãã¢ã«åºã¥ããŠããŸãããããé«åºŠãªã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã«ã€ããŠã¯åŸã§è©³ãã説æããŸãã
説æããã¢ãããŒãã®äž»ãªã¢ã€ãã¢ã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®äžå€è¡šçŸãååŸããããã«ãããŸããŸãªè§åºŠãããã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã衚瀺ããé·æãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ãè¡ãå¿ èŠããªããšããããšã§ãããã®äžçã®ç¹åŸŽã§ããããã¹ãŠã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«å ±éããåºæ¬çãªå¹ŸäœåŠçå€æã®ã«ãŒã«ãã·ã¹ãã ã«æããæ¹ãã¯ããã«å¹æçã§ãã
éšåçã«èª¬æãããã¢ãããŒãã¯ã確ç«ãããç³ã¿èŸŒã¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã§å®è£ ãããŠããŸãïŒçŠå³¶ã1980ïŒïŒY. LeCunããã³Y. Bengioã1995ïŒãç³ã¿èŸŒã¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã§ããæäžå€æ§ãååŸããããã«ãç®çã®ç»åãèšè¿°ããç³ã¿èŸŒã¿ã«ãŒãã«ããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªæ°Žå¹³ããã³åçŽäœçœ®ã«é©çšãããŸããæãæ£ç¢ºãªäžèŽã決å®ããããã«ããã®æé ã䜿ãæ £ãããã¹ãŠã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«å¯ŸããŠç¹°ãè¿ããŸãïŒä»¥äžã®å³ïŒãæ¬è³ªçã«ããã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ã¢ããªãªãªã«ãé ç·ããããæ°Žå¹³ããã³åçŽã·ããã®å€æã«ãŒã«ã®ç¥èã宣èšããŸãããã®ç¥èã䜿çšããŠã圌ã¯åçŽãªäººå·¥ãã¥ãŒãã³ã®å±€ã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸãããå¯èœãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ç©ºéã圢æããŸããç°ãªãã«ãŒãã«ã®æ倧ç³ã¿èŸŒã¿äžèŽã®å®çŸ©ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã説æããæå³ã®å®çŸ©ã«äŒŒãŠããŸãã
, (Fukushima K., 2013)
解éãšã¡ã¢ãªã®å¯Ÿå¿é¢æ°ã¯ããã®è§£éã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã³ã³ããã¹ãã®å®è£ ã®ç¢ºçã決å®ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã è³ãå®éã®ç¶æ³ã§æå³ãéžæããæ¹æ³ã«ãã£ãŠããããã³ã°ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯éåžžã«è€éã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ãããã1ã€ã®åçŽãªåŒã«éå ãããªãããšãæ³å®ãããŸãã
åã«ãäŸãšããŠãèšè¿°ã®å®å šäžèŽã«åºã¥ããããŒãã察å¿é¢æ°ã瀺ããŸããã èšæ¶ã®è§£éã®ããã«
ãããæ©èœ
Qã®èšè¿°ã®æ¯èŒã®å°ºåºŠã玹ä»ããŸããæ£ç¢ºãªäžèŽã«åºã¥ã尺床ãæžãããšãã§ããŸãã
éä¿¡æ©èœã¯æ¬¡ã®åœ¢åŒãåããŸãã
æ£ç¢ºãªäžèŽã«åºã¥ã察å¿ã«ãããå°ãªããšã1ã€ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æ¢ã«ã¡ã¢ãªã«ä¿åãããŠãã解éãããå Žåã«ã®ã¿æå³ã決å®ã§ããŸãã ããããæ£ç¢ºãªäžèŽããªãå Žåã§ãã説æã解éããã®ã«æãé©åãªã³ã³ããã¹ããèŠã€ããããšãé©åã§ããç¶æ³ãæ³åã§ããŸãã ãã®å Žåã説æã®ããå³å¯ã§ãªãæ¯èŒã䜿çšã§ããŸãã ããšãã°ã2ã€ã®èª¬æã«å ±éããæŠå¿µã®æ°ã«åºã¥ããŠã説æã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã®å°ºåºŠãå ¥åã§ããŸãã
å ã»ã©ãããããããããã«ãŒã ãã£ã«ã¿ãŒã«è¿œå ããããšã§ãèšè¿°ããšã³ã³ãŒãããå¯èœæ§ã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸããïŒBloomã1970ïŒã èŸæžCã®åæŠå¿µã«ãkåäœãå«ãé·ãmã®æŸé»ãã€ããªã³ãŒããé¢é£ä»ããŸãã
次ã«ã nåã®æŠå¿µã§æ§æãããIã®åèšè¿°ããèšè¿°ã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã®ã³ãŒãã®è«ççå ç®ããååŸãããã€ããªé åBã«é¢é£ä»ããããšãã§ããŸãã
2ã€ã®èšè¿°ã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã¯ããããã®ãã€ããªè¡šçŸã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã«ãã£ãŠå€æã§ããŸãã ç§ãã¡ã®å Žåããããã®ã¹ã«ã©ãŒç©ã«åºã¥ãé¡äŒŒæ§ã®å°ºåºŠãé©åã§ãããšæãããŸãã
2ã€ã®ãã€ããªé åã®ã¹ã«ã©ãŒç©ã¯ããããã®2ã€ã®é åã§äžèŽãããŠãããã®æ°ã瀺ããŸãã ãã€ããªèšè¿°ã®åäœãã©ã³ãã ã«äžèŽããå¯èœæ§ã¯åžžã«ãããŸãã Mã®ã©ã³ãã ã«äžèŽãããŠãããã®æ°ã®äºæ³ã¯ããã€ããªã³ãŒãã®é·ãã1ã€ã®æŠå¿µããšã³ã³ãŒããããŠãããã®æ°ãããã³èª¬æå ã®æŠå¿µã®æ°ã«äŸåããŸãã ã©ã³ãã æåãåãé€ãããã«ãé¡äŒŒæ§ã®å°ºåºŠã¯ãã©ã³ãã æåŸ å€ã«ãã£ãŠèª¿æŽã§ããŸãã
ãã®ãããªææšã¯è² ã®å€ãåãããšãã§ããŸãããããèªäœã¯æå³ããããŸããã ãã ãããã¹ãŠã®ã¡ã¢ãªèŠçŽ ã«è¿æ¥åºŠãè¿œå ãããšãã©ã³ãã ãªæ£ã®å€ãå€ãè£æ£ãããŸãã 次ã«ã察å¿é¢æ°ãæžãããšãã§ããŸã
ã³ã¬ã¹ãã³ãã³ã¹é¢æ°ã®ããœãããªãå²ãåœãŠã«ãããã¢ãã«ã¯ç¹å®ã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ç¢ºçã®çµ±èšçæšå®ã«åãã£ãŠç§»åãããã€ãºæ³ãé ããã«ã³ãã¢ãã«ããã¡ãžãŒããžãã¯æ³ãšæ¯èŒã§ããŸãã
ãããŒããã¢ãããŒããšããœãããã¢ãããŒãã«ã¯ãã©ã¹ãšãã€ãã¹ã®äž¡æ¹ããããŸãã ãœããã¢ãããŒãã䜿çšãããšãã¡ã¢ãªå ã«æ確ãªé¡äŒŒç©ããªãæ å ±ã®çµæãååŸã§ããŸãã ããã«ã¯ã説æèªäœã«äžæ£ç¢ºãŸãã¯ãšã©ãŒãå«ãŸããå ŽåããããŸãã ãã®ãããªå Žåãåªå ã³ã³ããã¹ãã決å®ããããæãé¡äŒŒããæ£ããåæ³ã解éãšããŠäœ¿çšã§ããŸãã
ããã«ãã¡ã¢ãªã«ä¿åãããŠãã説æã«æ å ±ãã€ãºãšèŠãªãããéèŠã§ãªã詳现ãå«ãŸããŠããå Žåããœããæ¯èŒã®çµæãåŸãããŸãã ãã ããå³ããã¢ãããŒãã¯æ ¹æ¬çã«è¯ãçµæãããããããšãã§ããŸãã ã»ãšãã©ã®å Žåããå€éšãã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã«åºã¥ãããã³ãã¬ãŒãã®è§£éãããããŸãã§ã¯ããã説æã®è§£éã«é©ããŠããæ¹ãã¯ããã«æãŸããã§ãã
å¥ã®ããããããæãèå³æ·±ãã¢ãããŒãã¯ããã¹ãŠã®èª¬æã®ã»ããã§ãäžéšã®èª¬æã«å ±éããç¹å®ã®ãšã³ãã£ãã£ã®åå ãšãªãèŠå ãäºåã«éžæãããŠããå Žåã«å¯èœã§ãã 次ã«ãå åã®ããŒãã¬ãŒããšã®ãœãããŸãã¯ããŒãæ¯èŒãšããŠãã³ã¬ã¹ãã³ãã³ã¹é¢æ°ãäœæã§ããŸãã ãã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ãä»ã®èšè¿°ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãºã®å€ãæ å ±ã®èæ¯ã«å¯ŸããŠèŠå ã®ååšãäžæã«ãŸãã¯ç¹å®ã®ç¢ºçã§å€æã§ãããšããç¹ã§åªããŠããŸãã
ããããçš®é¡ã®é©åæ§è©äŸ¡ã䜿çšããè€åã¢ãããŒãã¯åŠ¥åœãšæãããŸãã æãéèŠãªã®ã¯ãæå³ã®å®çŸ©ãèªå·±å®çµåã®æäœã§ã¯ãªãããšã§ãã æå³ã®æ£ããå®çŸ©ã¯ã被éšè ã®æèãšè¡åã«é¢é£ããåŸç¶ã®æ å ±æäœã®åºç€ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãã åŸã§ç€ºãããããã«ãè¡åãšæèã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãç¶æ³ã«æãé©åãªç²Ÿç¥çãªåããšè¡åè¡çºã®åœ¢æãå¯èœã«ãã匷ååŠç¿ã¡ã«ããºã ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ãããŸãã æå³ã®å®çŸ©ããã£ããšããŠããæè¯ã®çµæã¯ã察å¿é¢æ°ãèšç®ããããã®å³å¯ã«å®çŸ©ãããæŠç¥ã§ã¯ãªãã以åã®è©äŸ¡ã®æåçµéšã«åºã¥ããŠèšç®é¢æ°ãæé©åãã匷åä»ããã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã«åºã¥ãèšç®ã§ãããšæ³å®ã§ããŸãã
次ã®ããŒãã§ã¯ãå®éã®è³ãæå³ãšã©ã®ããã«æ©èœãããã瀺ãããã¿ãŒã³æ³¢ã¢ãã«ãããã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ã¡ã¢ãªã®äœ¿çšæ¹æ³ãããã³ç®è³ªã®ããã³ã©ã ã®åœ¹å²ãç解ããŠãçäœãã¥ãŒãã³ã§å®çŸãããã³ã³ããã¹ãã®ç©ºéãã©ã®ããã«èŠãããã説æããŸãã
ã¢ã¬ã¯ã»ã€ã»ã¬ããºãã
æèã®è«çã ãšã³ããªãŒ
æèã®è«çã ããŒã1.ã»ã«ãªãŒãããã³ã®æ³¢
æèã®è«çã ããŒã2.æš¹ç¶æ³¢
æèã®è«çã ããŒã3.ã»ã«ãªãŒãããã³ã®ããã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ã¡ã¢ãª
æèã®è«çã ããŒã4ãè³èšæ¶ã®ç§å¯
æèã®è«çã ããŒã5.æ å ±åæãžã®ã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã¢ãããŒã
æèã®è«çã ããŒã6.æå³ãèšç®ããããã®ã¹ããŒã¹ãšããŠã®ç®è³ª
æèã®è«çã ããŒã7.ã³ã³ããã¹ã空éã®èªå·±çµç¹å
æèã®è«çã ãæã§ã説æ
æèã®è«çã ããŒã8.倧è³ç®è³ªã®ç©ºéããã
æèã®è«çã ããŒã9.人工ãã¥ãŒã©ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãšå®éã®ç®è³ªã®ããã³ã©ã
æèã®è«çã ããŒã10.äžè¬åã®ã¿ã¹ã¯
æèã®è«çã ããŒã11.èŠèŠããã³é³å£°æ å ±ã®èªç¶ãªã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°
æèã®è«çã ããŒã12.ãã¿ãŒã³ãæ€çŽ¢ããŸãã çµã¿åãã空é