çŸä»£ã®æå³ã§ã®æéãšã¯äœã§ããïŒãªãæ£ç¢ºã«ãã®ãããªç¹æ§ãæã£ãŠããã®ã§ããïŒ ãªãæéãåžžã«äžæ¹åã«ç§»åããã®ã§ããïŒ äžå¯éçãªããã»ã¹ãããã®ã¯ãªãã§ããïŒ 20幎åãã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ããŒãã³ã°ã¯ããã°ãã³çè«ã§æéã説æããããšããŸããã ããŠãç§ãã¡ã®æ代ã®æåãªçè«ç©çåŠè ã®äžäººã§ããã·ã§ãŒã³ã»ãã£ãã«ã¯ãéåååŠã®ãšã³ããããŒããæ å ±ã®çè«ãšäººçã®æå³ã®ã¿ã€ã ãã©ãã«ãŸã§ãã«ããŒããæéã®çè«ã®æ¥œãããã©ãã€ã ã玹ä»ããŸãã
æ¬ãæ°žé ã æéã®ç©¶æ¥µã®çè«ãæ±ããŠãã¯ãå®å®ãååšããçç±ãç解ããããã®æ¬¡ã®ã¹ãããã§ã¯ãããŸãã-ããã¯ç§ãã¡ã®äžçã®ç©çåŠãšæ§é ã«èå³ãæã£ãŠããå¹ åºãèªè ã«ãšã£ãŠçŽ æŽãããèªã¿ç©ã§ãã
éåæé
倧åŠã®åºç€ç©çåŠã³ãŒã¹ã«åå ãã人ã®å€ãã¯ããã¥ãŒãã³ååŠãçŽæçãªã¬ãã«ã§ç解ããŠãããšãã声æã«åæããªããããããŸããã ãã®ã¢ã€ãã ãé£æ³ãããå¯äžã®é¢é£æ§ã¯ããããã¯ããã¯ãã«ãæãã®å¹³é¢ã®çæ°ã®ã«ã«ãŒã»ã«ã§ãããããããçŽæçããšåŒã¶ããšã¯æ±ºããŠèããããŸããã
ãããã宿é¡ã®è§£æ±ºãæãžã®å®å®é£è¡å£«ã®æŽŸé£ãªã©ããã¥ãŒãã³ååŠã®ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯å ã§èšç®ãå®è¡ããããã»ã¹ã¯èããããªãã»ã©è€éã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããå®éã«ã¯ãã®æŠå¿µã¯éåžžã«åçŽã§ãã äžçã¯ãããªã€ãŒãããŒã«ãææããªããã£ã³ã°ãããã¯ãªã©ãç®ã«èŠããŠèªèã§ããå ·äœçãªãã®ã§æ§æãããŠããŸãã ãããã®ãã®ã¯ãäºãã«åœ±é¿ãäžãããè¡çªããããããã®ãããªåœ±é¿ã®åœ±é¿äžã§ãåãã®æ¹åãšé床ãå€åããŸãã æªéã©ãã©ã¹ãå®å®ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ç²åã®äœçœ®ãšéåéãç¥ã£ãŠããã°ãéå»ãšæªæ¥ãå®å šã«æ£ç¢ºã«äºæž¬ããããšãã§ããŸããã ããã¯ç§ãã¡ã®èœåãè¶ ããŠããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããŸãããæ©æŠã®ãªãããŒãã«äžã®ããã€ãã®ããªã€ãŒãããŒã«ã®äœçœ®ãšè¡åãç¥ã£ãŠããããšãæ³åããã®ã¯å®å šã«ç§ãã¡ã®åã®ç¯å²å ã§ãããå°ãªããšãååãšããŠã察å¿ããæ°åŠçèšç®ãå®è¡ããããšãæ³åã§ããŸãã ãã®åŸãåé¡ã¯å€æ¿ãšåæ°ã§æ®ããç§ãã¡ã¯å®å®å šäœãåãå ¥ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããããã¥ãŒãã³ã«ãã£ãŠå®åŒåãããåãªãæ³åã§ã¯ãªãããšã匷調ãããç©çåŠè ã¯ããã¥ãŒãã³ååŠããå€å žçãååŠãšåŒã³ãŸãã å€å žååŠã¯ãäžçã®æ·±ãæ§é ã«ã€ããŠã®èãæ¹ã§ãã ããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ã-éçãã¬ã¹ååãé»ç£æ³¢-ã¯ç°ãªãã«ãŒã«ã«åŸããŸããããããã®ã«ãŒã«ã¯ãã¹ãŠæ§é ã䌌ãŠããŸãã é¡äŒŒæ§ã®æ¬è³ªã¯ãã©ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«ãç¹å®ã®çš®é¡ã®ãäœçœ®ããšç¹å®ã®çš®é¡ã®ãã€ã³ãã«ã¹ããããããã®æ å ±ã«åºã¥ããŠæ¬¡ã«äœãèµ·ããããäºæž¬ããããšãã§ãããšããããšã§ãã
åæ§ã®æ§é ãå€ãã®ã³ã³ããã¹ãã§ç¹°ãè¿ãããŸãããã¥ãŒãã³èªèº«ã®éåçè«ãããã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã«ãã£ãŠéçºããã19äžçŽã®é»æ°ãšç£æ°ã®çè«ãã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ã®äžè¬çžå¯Ÿæ§çè«ããã®ãã³ãã¬ãŒãã®æ çµã¿ã«é©åããŸãã å€å žååŠã¯ãããã«å¥ã®çè«ãšåŒã¶ããšã¯ã§ããŸããã ããã¯ãã©ãã€ã ã§ãããç©ççè«ã®æ¬è³ªãæŠå¿µåããæ¹æ³ã§ãããçµéšã¬ãã«ã§é©çšãããšé©ãã»ã©ã®èŠæš¡ã®æåã瀺ããŸããã 1687幎ã«ãã¥ãŒãã³ã圌ã®åäœPhilosophiÊNaturalis Principia MathematicaïŒãèªç¶å²åŠã®æ°åŠçåçãïŒãçºè¡šããåŸãç©çåŠãä»ã®æ¹æ³ã§åŠçãããããšãæ³åããããšã¯ã»ãšãã©äžå¯èœã«ãªããŸããã äžçã¯ãç¹å®ã®åã®åœ±é¿äžã§ç§»åããäœçœ®ãšè¡åã«ãã£ãŠç¹åŸŽä»ãããã身äœã§ã§ããŠããŸãã ç©çåŠã®èª²é¡ã¯ããããã®äœãã¿ã€ãå¥ã«åé¡ãããããã«äœçšããåã®çš®é¡ã調ã¹ãããšã§ããã ããã«é¢ããŠã圌女ã®ä»äºã¯å®äºããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ããã«ããããããããã¹ãŠãããã»ã©åçŽã§ã¯ãªããå€å žçãªã¡ã«ããºã ãééã£ãŠããããšã¯ãã§ã«ããã£ãŠããŸãã 20äžçŽã®æåã®æ°å幎ãç©çåŠè ã¯ç©è³ªã®æ¯ãèããé¡åŸ®é¡ã¹ã±ãŒã«ã§è§£æããããšããŠãå€ãã«ãŒã«ãç¡å¹ã«ããŠå¥ã®ãã®ã«çœ®ãæããå¿ èŠããããšããèãã«åŸã ã«åæããªããã°ãªããŸããã§ããã ããã¯ãéåååŠãå¥ã®äœãã«ãªã£ã-ããããæŽå²ã«ããã人éã®å¿ãšæ³ååã®æ倧ã®åå©ã§ãã éåååŠã¯ãå€å žååŠã«ãã£ãŠäœæãããç»åãšã¯æ ¹æ¬çã«ç°ãªãäžçã®ç»åãæäŸããå®éšããŒã¿ãä»ã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ãé€å€ããŠããªããã°ãç§åŠè ã¯çå£ã«ãããèããŸããã ä»æ¥ãéåååŠã¯ã20äžçŽã®å€æãã«å€å žååŠãèªãããã«æ¥œããã§ããã¹ããŒã¿ã¹ã享åããŠããŸããå€ãã®çµéšçãã¹ãã«åæ Œããã»ãšãã©ã®ç 究è ã¯ç©çåŠã®æçµæ³åãæ¬è³ªçã«éåååŠã§ããã¹ãã§ããããšã«åæããŠããŸãã
ãããããã®ãããªåå©ã«ãããããããéåååŠã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠéåžžã«ç¥ç§çãªäž»é¡ã§ãã ç©çåŠè ã¯ãå®éã®å¿çšãšããæå³ã§éåååŠãå®å šã«ä¿¡é ŒããŠããŸãã圌ãã¯ããã®çµè·¯ã«æ²¿ã£ãææ§ããäžç¢ºå®æ§ã«ééããããšãªããçè«ãæ§ç¯ããäºæž¬ãè¡ããçè«çµæãå®éšçã«æ€èšŒããŸãã ããã«ãããããããéåååŠãå®éã«äœã§ããããç¥ã£ãŠãããã©ããã¯ãŸã å®å šã«ã¯ããããŸããã å€ãã®æèœããç§åŠè ãå²åŠè ãæéãšãšãã«ã®ãŒãè²»ãããŠããç¥ç掻åã«ã¯ã1ã€ã®å å®ãªæ¹åæ§ããããŸãã ãã®æ¹åã¯ãéåååŠã®è§£éããšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸãã 1äžçŽåã«ã¯ããå€å žååŠã®è§£éãã¯ãããŸããã§ãã-å€å žååŠã¯ååã«åçŽã§ç解ããããããããã®è§£éã«ã¯ç¹å¥ãªåªåã¯å¿ èŠãããŸããã ããããéåååŠã«é¢ããéããããã«ã€ããŠæ£ããèãã話ãæ¹æ³ã¯ãŸã æ確ã§ã¯ãããŸããã
解éã«å¯Ÿãããã®å å ¥èŠ³ã¯ãéåååŠãšå€å žååŠã®å¯äžã®åºæ¬çãªéãã«ãã£ãŠçæãããŸãããããã¯åæã«äºçŽ°ãªããšã§ãããæ¬åœã«å£æ» çãªçµæããããããŸãã
éåååŠã«ãããšãç§ãã¡ãç§ãã¡ã®åšãã®äžçã§èŠ³å¯ã§ããã®ã¯ãå®éã«ååšãããã®ã®ã»ãã®äžéšã§ãã
ãã®ååã説æããããšããè©Šã¿ã¯ããã°ãã°èªèãè¶ ããŠäŸµé£ããã ãã§ãã ãããã¯ãããªããã©ããªã«åçãæ®ã£ãŠãç¬é¡ãã©ããã§æ¶ããŠããŸããçŽ æŽãããç¬é¡ã®ããªãã®å人ã®ãããªãã®ã§ããã å®éãéåååŠã¯ã¯ããã«æå³ããããŸãã å€å žçãªäžçã§ã¯ãéãæ£ç¢ºã«æž¬å®ããããã«å°é£ãçããå ŽåããããŸãã 調æ»äžã®ã·ã¹ãã ã劚害ããªãããã«çŽ°å¿ã®æ³šæãæããªããã°ãªããŸããã ããããå€å žç©çåŠã§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ããããªã«æ éã§ããããšã劚ãããã®ã¯äœããããŸããã äžæ¹ãéåååŠã§ã¯ãä¹ãè¶ããããªãé害ããããŸãããã®ãããç©çã·ã¹ãã ã®å®å šã§éç Žå£çãªèŠ³æž¬ã¯å©çšã§ããŸããã ããã¯äžè¬çãªã±ãŒã¹ã§ã¯åçŽã«äžå¯èœã§ãã ãªããžã§ã¯ããŸãã¯ã·ã¹ãã ã芳å¯ããããšãããšæ£ç¢ºã«äœãèµ·ããã®ããå®éã®ã枬å®ããšèŠãªãããšãã§ãããã®-ããããäž»ãªè³ªåã§ãã ãã®ãªããªãã«ã¯ãã枬å®åé¡ããšããéåžžã«åœ¹ç«ã€ååããããŸãïŒåãæåãåãããèªåè»ã®åé¡ãã¯ãèªåè»ãåŽããèœã¡ãæ°çŸãã£ãŒãé£ãã§ã岩ã«ç ããŠå°ããªç Žçã«ãªã£ãå ŽåãšåŒã°ããŸãïŒã æåããç©ççè«ã«ã¯ããã®ãããªäžç¢ºå®æ§ããããŸããã æ確ãªå®çŸ©ã¯ããããã«é¢å¿ãå¯ããäž»ãªãã®ã§ãã éåååŠã¯ããã®ç¢ºããªæåã«ããããããããŸã ãã®ãããªã¬ãã«ã®æ確ãã«ã¯éããŠããŸããã
ããã«ãããããããããã¯ç§åŠãééã£ãŠããããšããéåååŠã®è¬ãããªãã®ä¿¡å¿µãæ£åœåã§ããããšãæå³ãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã ç¹ã«ãéåååŠã¯ãçŸå®ã«ã€ããŠèããã ãã§çŸå®ãå€ããããšãã§ããããŸãã¯çŸä»£ã®ç©çåŠãå€ä»£ä»æåŸã®ç¥æµãåçºèŠãããšäž»åŒµããŠããŸããã ã«ãŒã«ãååšããç§ãã¡ã¯æ¥åžžç掻ã«é¢å¿ã®ããæ¡ä»¶ã§ã©ã®ããã«åäœããããç¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ãã ããæ³åã§ããããããç¶æ³ã§ãããã®ã«ãŒã«ãã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããããç解ããããšæããŸãã
ã»ãšãã©ã®çŸä»£ã®ç©çåŠè ã¯ãäœäžçŽã«ãããã£ãŠãã¹ããããŠãããåŠå®ãæŠç¥ã䜿çšããŠéåååŠã解éããåé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããŠããŸãã 圌ãã¯èå³ã®ããå Žåã«ã«ãŒã«ãã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããããç¥ã£ãŠãããç¹å®ã®ç¶æ³ã§éåååŠãåäœãããå®éšããŒã¿ãšã®é¡èãªåæãéæããããšãã§ãããããæå³ãããã®ãšãããåŒã³åºããããã©ããã«ã€ããŠè¿·æãªè³ªåã絶察ã«æ°ã«ããããªãçè«ã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿã«æ£ããã§ãã ã»ãšãã©ã®å Žåããã®ãããªæŠç¥ã¯ãæ¬æžã®ç®æšãšå®å šã«äžèŽããŠããŸãã æéã®ç¢ã®åé¡ã¯ãéåååŠã®çºæ以åãããã«ããã³ãšåœŒã®ååã«çŽé¢ããŠãããéåååŠã®è©³çŽ°ãå¿é ããããšãªãããšã³ããããŒãšå®å®è«ã«ã€ããŠé·ãéãçç£çã«è©±ãããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã§ããããæç¹ã§åé¡ã«çŽé¢ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã çµå±ã®ãšãããæéã®ç¢ã¯æ ¹æ¬çãªè¬ã§ãããéåååŠããã®çããèŠã€ããäžã§æ±ºå®çãªåœ¹å²ãæããå¯èœæ§ãéåžžã«é«ãã§ãã ããããç§ãã¡ã«ãšã£ãŠããã«èå³æ·±ããã®ããããŸãããã¹ãŠã®è§£éã®æ··ä¹±ã®çŠç¹ã§ãã枬å®ããã»ã¹ãã®ãã®ããé¡èãªæ§è³ªãããªãã¡äžå¯éæ§ãæã£ãŠããŸãã åºãç¥ãããŠããæåãªç©çæ³åã®çŸ€è¡ã®äžã§å¯äžã®ãã®ã§ããéå枬å®ã®ããã»ã¹ã¯ãæéã®ç¢ã決å®ããŸãã å®äºãããšããã®è¡çºããã£ã³ã»ã«ã§ããªããªããŸãã ããã¯è¬ã§ãã
ããããããã®äžå¯è§£ãªäžå¯éæ§ã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ç¬¬2ã®åçã§èª¬æãããäžå¯è§£ãªç±ååŠçäžå¯éæ§ã«é¡äŒŒããŠããŸããæ å ±ã®è¿äŒŒãšç Žæ£ã«ãã£ãŠäœæãããåºæ¬çãªç©çããã»ã¹èªäœã¯å¯éçã§ãã ãã®ç« ã§ã¯ããã®èŠ³ç¹ãæè·ããŸãã ããã«ããããããããã®åé¡ã«é¢ããå°é家ã®éã§ã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ã¯ãŸã ãããŸããã çãã®ãªãå¯äžã®ããšã¯ãæéã®ç¢ã«èå³ããããªãã枬å®ã®åé¡ã«çå£ã«å¯ŸåŠããå¿ èŠãããããšã§ãã
éåæé
éåç«
ErwinSchrodingerã®æèå®éšã®ãããã§ãç«ã®å®éšã®äŒçµ±ã¯éåååŠã®è°è«ã«ãã£ãããšæ ¹ä»ããŠããŸãã ã·ã¥ã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã¬ãŒã®ç«ã¯ã枬å®ã®åé¡ã«é¢é£ããå°é£ã説æããããšãç®çãšããŠããŸãããã埮åŠãªç¹ãæãäžããåã«ãçè«ã®åºç€ãå°ãå匷ããŸãã ãããŠãç§ãã¡ã®ç²Ÿç¥å®éšã§ã¯ã1å¹ã®åç©ãèŠããããšã¯ãããŸããã
ããªãã®ç«ããã£ã家ã®äžã«2ã€ã®ãæ°ã«å ¥ãã®å Žæãæã£ãŠãããšæ³åããŠãã ããïŒãªãã³ã°ã«ãŒã ã®ãœãã¡ã®äžãšããŒãã«ã®äžã çŸå®ã®äžçã§ã¯ãç«ãªã©ã®ç©ççãªãªããžã§ã¯ããå ããããšãã§ããäœçœ®ã¯ç¡éã«ãããŸãã ç«ãéåžžãã£ãããšã¢ããŒããåãåã£ãŠããŠããç¡éã«å€ãã®ã€ã³ãã«ã¹å€ããããŸãã éåååŠã®æ žå¿ã«å°éããããã«ããã¹ãŠãå€§å¹ ã«ç°¡çŽ åããŸãã ã ãããå€å žçãªååŠã§æ £ç¿çã§ããããã«ãåã«ããã£ããœãã¡ã®äžã«ããã®ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããã®ãã瀺ãããšã§ãããã£ã®ç¶æ ãå®å šã«èª¬æã§ãããšæ³åããŠãã ããã é床ã«é¢ãããã¹ãŠã®æ å ±ãç Žæ£ãããœãã¡ã®ã©ã®éšåã«ããããèæ ®ãããäžè¬çã«ããœãã¡ããšãããŒãã«ãã®å®çŸ©ã«è©²åœããªããã®ä»ã®æ¡é ãèæ ®ããŸããã å€å žçãªèŠ³ç¹ãããããã£ã2ç¶æ ã·ã¹ãã ã«åçŽåããŸãã ïŒå®äžçã«ã¯2ã€ã®ç¶æ ãæã€ã·ã¹ãã ãååšããŸããããšãã°ãé»åãŸãã¯å åã®ã¹ãã³ã¯äžãŸãã¯äžã«åããããšãã§ããŸãã2ã€ã®ç¶æ ãæã€ã·ã¹ãã ã®éåç¶æ ã¯ãããã¥ãŒããããïŒéåãããïŒã§èšè¿°ãããŸããïŒ
ãããŠããã§ãéåååŠãšå€å žååŠã®æåã®å€§ããªéãã«åºäŒããŸããéåååŠã«ã¯ãç«ã®äœçœ®ããšãããã®ã¯ãããŸããã å€å žçãªã¡ã«ããã¯ã¯ãããã£ãã©ãã«ãããããããªãããšãèªããŠããã®ã§ãã圌女ã¯ããŒãã«ã®äžã«75ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§åº§ã£ãŠãããšæããŸããã ããããããã¯ç§ãã¡ã®ç¡ç¥ã®å£°æã«éãããäžçã®ç¶æ ã®å£°æã§ã¯ãããŸããã ç«ãå¯èœæ§ã®ããå Žæã®1ã€ã«ãããšããäºå®ã¯åŠå®ã§ããŸãããããã¯ãç«ããããç¥ã£ãŠãããã©ããã«äŸåããŸããã
éåååŠã§ã¯ãç¹å®ã®å Žæã§ã®ããã£ã®ååšïŒãŸãã¯ä»ã®äœãïŒã蚌æããåŠå®ã§ããªãäºå®ã¯ãããŸããã åçŽã«ãéåååŠã®ç¶æ 空éã¯ãã®ããã«ã¯æ©èœããŸããã 代ããã«ãæ³¢åé¢æ°ãšããŠç¥ãããŠãããã®ãç¶æ ã瀺ãããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã ãããŠãæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãç«ããœãã¡ã«æšªããã£ãŠãããããç«ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«æšªããã£ãŠããããšãã£ãçµæãäžããŸããã 圌女ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªããšããäŒããããŸããããèŠãã°ã75ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§ããŒãã«ã®äžã«ç«ãèŠã€ãã25ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§ãœãã¡ã«ããç«ãèŠã€ããŸããã
ãäžå®å šãªç¥èããšãåºæ¬çãªéåã®äžç¢ºå®æ§ãã®éãã¯ããããããã«æãäžãã䟡å€ããããŸãã æ³¢åé¢æ°ãã75ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§ããŒãã«ã®äžã«ç«ãèŠã€ãã25ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§ãœãã¡ã®äžã«ãããšäž»åŒµããå Žåãããã¯75ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§ç«ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããã25ïŒ ã®ç¢ºçã§åœŒå¥³ããœãã¡ã«ããããšãæå³ããŸãïŒ ãããããç«ãããããšãããããªãã®ã¯ååšããŸããã ãã®éåç¶æ ã¯ãå€å žååŠã§åãããšãã§ãã2ã€ã®ç°ãªãäœçœ®ã®éãåããã«ãã£ãŠèšè¿°ãããŸãã ãã€ã³ãã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããåæã«çã§ãããšããããšã§ãããããŸããããç«ãäœãå¯äžã®ãçã®ãå Žæã¯åã«ããã«ãªããšããããšã§ãã æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãæ§ç¯ã§ããç«ã®çŸå®ãæãããè¡šããã®ã§ãã
ãã®ãããªå£°æã«åããŠåºäŒãããšã«åæããããšã¯éåžžã«é£ããããšã¯æããã§ãã ãããŠççŽã«èšã£ãŠãç§ãã¡ã®äžçã¯ç§ãã¡ã«ã¯ãŸã£ãããã®ããã«ã¯èŠããŸããã åšããèŠããšãç«ãææããããŠé»åããããç¹å®ã®äœçœ®ãå ããŠãããæ³¢åé¢æ°ã«ãã£ãŠèšè¿°ãããããŸããŸãªäœçœ®ã®éãåããã§ã¯ãããŸããã ããããããã¯éåååŠã®éæ³ã®ç§å¯ã§ããç§ãã¡ãèŠããã®ã¯å¿ ãããçŸå®ãšäžèŽãããšã¯éããŸããã æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ååšããŸãããèŠãããšã¯ã§ããŸããã ç¹å®ã®ãããµããå€å žçãªæ§æã«ãããã®ããã«èŠããŸãã
ãã ããããã¯ããã¹ã±ããããŒã«ãããããè¡æãè»éã«æå ¥ããããããªã©ãå€å žçãªç©çåŠã«é Œãããšãã§ããªããšããæå³ã§ã¯ãããŸããã éåååŠã§ã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãããã¥ãŒãã³ãåžžã«æ£ãããã®ããã«åäœãããå€å žçãªå¶éãã¯ãªãããã®å¶éã«ã¯ç§ãã¡ã®æ¥åžžã®çµéšããã¹ãŠå«ãŸããŸãã ãããã«75ïŒ ãããã«25ïŒ ããšãã圢ã§ãç«ãªã©ã®å·šèŠçãªãµã€ãºã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããéãåãããããšã¯ãããŸããã 圌ãã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ããããã§ã¯99.9999999ããŒã»ã³ãïŒãŸãã¯ãã以äžïŒãããã«0.0000001ããŒã»ã³ãïŒãŸãã¯ãã以äžïŒããåžžã«åœãŠã¯ãŸããŸãã å€å žååŠã¯ãå·šèŠçãªäžçã®äœåã®è¿äŒŒçãªèšè¿°ã§ãããéåžžã«åªããè¿äŒŒã§ãã çŸå®äžçã¯éåååŠã®èŠåã«åŸã£ãŠçããŠããŸãããå€å žååŠã¯æ¥åžžç掻ã«ã¯ååãããã»ã©ã§ãã ååãšçŽ ç²åãèãå§ãããšããã«ãéåååŠã®çµæã«å®å šã«ééãããããªãã§ã¯ã©ãã«ãååšããªãããšãç解ããŸãã
æ³¢åé¢æ°ã®ä»çµã¿
ããªãã¯äžæè°ã«æããããããŸããïŒäžèšãçå®ã§ããããšãã©ããã£ãŠç¥ãã®ã§ããïŒ çµå±ã®ãšããããç«ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããå¯èœæ§ã¯75ïŒ ãããŸãããšãç«ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããå¯èœæ§ã¯75ïŒ ãããŸããã®éãã¯äœã§ããã ãããã®ç¢ºçãåºå¥ã§ããå®éšãæ³åããããšã¯å°é£ã§ãã çµå±ã®ãšãããç«ãã©ãã«ããã®ããç¥ãå¯äžã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããæ°ã«å ¥ãã®å ŽæãèŠãããšã§ãã ããããéãã®æ¬è³ªãæããã«ãªãé倧ãªçŸè±¡ããããŸãã ããã¯éåå¹²æžã§ãã ãããäœãæå³ããããç解ããã«ã¯ãèŸæ±åŒ·ããæ³¢åé¢æ°ãå®éã«ã©ã®ããã«æ©èœãããã®è©³çŽ°ã«æ·±ãå ¥ãå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ç²åã®ç¶æ ãèšè¿°ããããã«ãã®äœçœ®ãšéåéã瀺ãããå€å žçãªååŠã§ã¯ããã®ç¶æ ã¯æ°åã®ã»ãããšèããããšãã§ããŸãã éåžžã®3次å 空éã®1ã€ã®ç²åã«ã€ããŠã¯ã3ã€ã®æ¹åããããã®äœçœ®ãš3ã€ã®æ¹åããããã®éåéãšãã6ã€ã®æ°åã瀺ãå¿ èŠããããŸãã éåååŠã§ã¯ãç¶æ ã¯æ³¢åé¢æ°ã«ãã£ãŠèšè¿°ãããŸãããæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯æ°å€ã®ã»ãããšããŠãæ³åã§ããŸãã ãããã®æ°å€ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã¯ãå®è¡ããã芳枬ãŸãã¯æž¬å®ã«ã€ããŠãç¹å®ã®çµæãåŸããã確çãæããŠãããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãå¿ èŠãªæ°å€ãæãäžè¬çãªç¢ºçã§ãããšä»®å®ããããšã¯å®å šã«èªç¶ã«æããŸãããœãã¡ã§ããã£ãèŠãã確çãããŒãã«ã®äžã§ããã£ãèŠãã確çãªã©ã§ãã
ãã ããããã¯ãŸã£ããæ©èœããŸããã æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯å®éã«ã¯æ³¢ã«äŒŒãŠããŸããå žåçãªæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãæ± ã®è¡šé¢ã®æ³¢ã®ããã«ç©ºéãšæéã§æ¯åããŸãã ããã¯ãããœãã¡ã®äžããšãããŒãã«ã®äžãã®2ã€ã®å¯èœãªèŠ³å¯çµæã®ã¿ãæ³å®ããåçŽãªäŸã§ã¯å®å šã«æããã§ã¯ãããŸããã ããããå®éã®éšå±ã§å®éã®ç«ã®äœçœ®ã芳å¯ãããªã©ãå¯èœãªçµæã®é£ç¶ã»ããã§ã®èŠ³å¯ãèæ ®ãããšãããã«å€ããæããã«ãªããŸãã æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãæ± ã®è¡šé¢ã®æ³¢ã«äŒŒãŠããŸãã å¯äžã®éãã¯ããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªèŠ³æž¬çµæã®ç©ºéå ã®æ³¢ã§ããããšã§ããããšãã°ãéšå±å ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å¯èœãªäœçœ®ã§ãã
å®éã®æ³¢ãèŠããšãç©ãããªç¶æ ã®æ± ã®è¡šé¢ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãæ³¢ã®æ°Žã®é«ãã¯å Žæã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãããšãããããŸãã ã©ããç©ãããªæ°Žã®ã¬ãã«ããäžã«ãããã©ããããäžã«èœã¡ãŸãã æ³¢ãæ°åŠçã«èª¬æããããã«ãæ¯å¹ ãæ± ã®åãã€ã³ããã€ãŸããä¹±ãããŠããªãæ°Žé¢ã®è¡šé¢ã«å¯Ÿããæ°Žäœãšé¢é£ä»ããããšãã§ããŸãã ããå Žæã§ã¯æ¯å¹ ãæ£ã«ãªããä»ã®å Žæã§ã¯è² ã«ãªããŸãã éåååŠã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãŸã£ããåãããã«æ©èœããŸãã å¯èœãªèŠ³æž¬çµæããšã«ãæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãæ¯å¹ ãšåŒã°ããæ£ãŸãã¯è² ã®æ°å€ãé¢é£ä»ããŸãã å šæ³¢é¢æ°ã¯ãå¯èœãªèŠ³æž¬çµæããšã«ç¹å®ã®æ¯å¹ ã§æ§æãããŠããŸãã ãããã¯ãå€å žååŠã®ç¶æ ãèšè¿°ããäœçœ®ãšéåéãšåæ§ã«ãéåååŠã®ç¶æ ãèšè¿°ããæ°å€ã§ãã ããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããããã£ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæ¯å¹ ãšããœãã¡ã«ãã圌女ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããå¥ã®æ¯å¹ ããããŸãã
ãã®ãããªç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãæªè§£æ±ºã®åé¡ã1ã€ãããããŸããã確çã«ã€ããŠè©±ããŠããã ãã§ãã€ãã³ãã®çºç確çãè² ã®æ°ã«ãªãããšã¯ãããŸããã ãããã£ãŠãç¹å®ã®èŠ³æž¬çµæã«é¢é£ããæ¯å¹ ããã®çµæã®çºç確çãäžãããšã¯èšããŸããã 代ããã«ãæ¢ç¥ã®æ¯å¹ å€ã«åºã¥ã確çèšç®æ¹æ³ãå¿ èŠã§ãã 幞ããªããšã«ãèšç®ã¯éåžžã«ç°¡åã§ãïŒ ç¢ºçãåŸãã«ã¯ãæ¯å¹ ãåãããããäºä¹ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ïŒXãèŠã確çïŒ=ïŒXã«é¢é£ããæ¯å¹ ïŒ2ã
ãããã£ãŠãããã£ã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ãæ¯å¹ 0.5ããœãã¡ã§ç«ãèŠãèœåãšé¢é£ä»ããå Žåãå®éã«ç«ãèŠã確çã¯ïŒ0.5ïŒ2 = 0.25ãã€ãŸã25ïŒ ã§ãã æ¯å¹ å€ãè² ãã€ãŸãâ0.5ã§ããããšãåºæ¬çã«éèŠã§ãããåãçããåŸãããŸãïŒïŒâ0.5ïŒ2 = 0.25ã ããã¯ç¡æå³ãªéå°ã®ããã«èŠãããããããŸãã-2ã€ã®ç°ãªãæ¯å¹ ã¯åãç©ççç¶æ³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãããæ£ãšè² ã®å€ã®ååšãéåååŠã®ç¶æ ã®é²åã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæããããšãããããŸãã
å¹²æž
æ³¢åé¢æ°ãè² ã®æ¯å¹ ãå¯èœãªèŠ³æž¬çµæãšé¢é£ä»ããããšãã§ããããšãããã£ãã®ã§ãåã«ç°ãªãçµæã«ç¢ºçãå²ãåœãŠãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããªãæ³¢åé¢æ°ãšéãåããã«ã€ããŠè©±ãå§ããã®ããšããåé¡ã«æ»ãããšãã§ããŸãã çç±ã¯å¹²æžã«ããããããã®è² ã®å€ã¯ããããã©ãããæ¥ãã®ããææ¡ããããã«å¿ èŠã§ãã 2ã€ã®ïŒãŒã以å€ã®ïŒæ¯å¹ ãå ç®ããŠãŒãã«ããããšãã§ããŸããããã¯ãæ¯å¹ ãè² ã®å€ããšããªãå Žåã¯äžå¯èœã§ãã
ãããã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããããç解ããããã«ããã³ã®ãã€ããã¯ã¹ã¢ãã«ãå°ãè€éã«ããŸãããã ããã£ã2éã®å¯å®€ããåºãŠããã®ãæ³åããŠãã ããã 家ã®åšãã®åœŒå¥³ã®åãã®ä»¥åã®èŠ³å¯ã®ãããã§ãç§ãã¡ã¯ãã®éåç«ãã©ã®ããã«æ©èœãããã«ã€ããŠå€ãã®æ å ±ãéããŸããã 圌女ã1éã«éãããšãå¿ ç¶çã«ãœãã¡ã®äžãŸãã¯ããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããŸãïŒã€ãŸãã圌女ã®æçµç¶æ ã¯ãœãã¡ã®äžã«ããŠããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããããšã®éãåãããèšè¿°ããæ³¢åé¢æ°ã§ãïŒã ãã ãã2éã®ããããã1éã®äŒæ©æã®1ã€ã«è³ã2ã€ã®å¯èœãªçµè·¯ã®ååšãèªèããŠãããšããŸããããã£ã¯ãé£äºãããããŠã«ã§ããŸãã¯çªãå°ãããããã«çªå ã§åæ¢ããŸãã çŸå®ã®äžçã§ã¯ãããããã¹ãŠã®å¯èœæ§ã説æããã«ã¯å€å žååŠã§ååã§ãããçæ³çãªæèå®éšã®äžçã§ã¯ãéåå¹æãéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããšèããŠããŸãã
ããã§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã®èŠ³å¯ãå®éã«ã©ã®ãããªçµæããããããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã å®éšã¯2ã€ã®ç°ãªãæ¹æ³ã§è¡ããŸãã ãŸãã1éã§ããã£ãèŠããšã圌女ãã©ã®ã«ãŒãããã©ããã調ã¹ãããã«ãéãã«åœŒå¥³ããã©ããŒããŸããé£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ãééããããã¯ããŒãã€ã³ããééããŸãã å®éã«ã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®å¯èœæ§ã®éãåãããèšè¿°ããæ³¢åé¢æ°ããããŸãããå®éã®å®éšãè¡ããšãåžžã«ç¹å®ã®çµæãåŸãããŸãã ç§ãã¡ã¯èã®äžã®æ°Žãããéãã«è¡åããç«ã¯ç§ãã¡ã«ãŸã£ããæ°ã¥ããŸããã å¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠãå®¶å šäœã«ã¹ãã€ã«ã¡ã©ãŸãã¯ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒã»ã³ãµãŒãè£ åããŠããããšãæ³åã§ããŸãã KittyãããŠã«ã«é©ããŠããããçªå ã«é©ããŠãããã¯ãã©ã®ãã¯ãããžãŒã䜿çšããããšã¯ãŸã£ããé¢ä¿ãããŸããã äž»ãªããšã¯ããã®ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã芳å¯ããããšã§ãã
ããã£ã¯ã¡ããã©ååã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ããŠã«ã«åæ¢ããåãããã«ååã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§çªå ã«åæ¢ããããšãããããŸãïŒå¯èœãªéãæ¡ä»¶ãç°¡çŽ åããããã«ãäŒæ©å Žæã«è¡ãéäžã§åœŒå¥³ã¯ããããã®å Žæã蚪ããäž¡æ¹ã§ã¯ãããŸããïŒã ãã¡ãããåäžã®èŠ³æž¬èªäœãæ³¢åé¢æ°ãæããã«ããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã ãã®ç¹å®ã®æéã¯ãçªå ãŸãã¯ããŠã«ã§ç«ãèŠããšèšããŸãã ãããããã®å®éšãäœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããããšãæ³åããŠãã ãããããã«ããããããã®2ã€ã®ã€ãã³ãã®ç¢ºçã«é¢ããæ å ±ã«åºã¥ããçµè«ãåŒãåºãããšãã§ããŸãã
ããããç§ãã¡ã¯ããã§æ¢ãŸããŸããã ããã£ããœãã¡ãŸãã¯ããŒãã«ã®äžã«åº§ãããšãèš±å¯ããäŒæ©ããåŸãããã£ãåã³éžãã å Žæã確èªããŸãã ãŸãã確çã決å®ããããã«ããã®å®éšãååãªåæ°ç¹°ãè¿ããŸãã ä»ãç§ãã¡ã¯ã圌女ãçªã®å ã«ç«ã¡å¯ã£ãã®ãããããšãé£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ã«ç«ã¡å¯ã£ãã®ãã¯åé¡ã§ã¯ãªãããšãããããŸããã ã©ã¡ãã®ç¶æ³ã§ãã圌女ã¯æçµçã«ãœãã¡ã«æ¥ãã±ãŒã¹ã®ååãšããŒãã«ã®äžã§ååã«ãªããŸããæçµçãªäŒæ©å Žæã®éžæã¯ã圌女ãé£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ãŸãã¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãããã¹ããä»ããŠåœŒã«è¡ã£ããã©ããã«ã¯ãŸã£ããäŸåããŸããã æããã«ããã®ã«ãŒãã®äžéã¹ãããã¯ç¹å¥ãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŸããã ç«ãéäžã§æ¢ãŸã£ããšããŠããæåŸã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãœãã¡ãšããŒãã«ã«çãã確çãäžããŸãã
ãããŠä»ã楜ãã¿ãå§ãŸããŸãã ä»åã¯ããœãã¡ãããŒãã«ã«è¡ãéäžã®ããã£ã®äžéã¹ãããã«ã€ããŠã¯èª¬æããŸããã 圌女ãçªã®å ã«ç«ã¡å¯ãã®ãããããšãé£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ã«ç«ã¡å¯ãã®ãèå³ããããŸããã ãœãã¡ãŸãã¯ããŒãã«ã®äžã«èœã¡çãã®ãåŸ ã£ãŠããããããã©ãã«ãããã確èªããæ³¢åé¢æ°ããååŸããæçµçãªç¢ºçã埩å ããŸãã ã©ã®ãããªçµæãæåŸ ãããŸããïŒ
å€å žååŠãæ¯é ããäžçã§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã¯äœãèŠãªããã°ãªããªãããç¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ç§ãã¡ãç«ãã¹ãã€ãããšããç§ãã¡ã®èŠ³å¯ããã®è¡åã«åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã«éåžžã«æ³šæããŸããããããŠãååã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ã¯ãœãã¡ã§ãååã§-ããŒãã«ã®äžã§ãã©ã®ã«ãŒããåããŠãããã«é¢ä¿ãªããããèŠã€ããŸããã æããã«ãéäžã§åœŒå¥³ãäœãããŠããã®ãããããªããŠããããã¯äœã®åœ¹å²ãæãããªãã¯ãã§ãããããã«ããŠããæåŸã®ã¹ãããã§ã¯ãçãã確çã®2ã€ã®çµæããããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãäžé段éã芳å¯ããªããŠããåã確çå€ãååŸããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ãã ããããã¯ãŸã£ããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã ããã¯ãç«ãå®éã®éåãªããžã§ã¯ãã§ããæèå®éšã®çæ³åãããäžçã§èŠããããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã ç§ãã¡ãèŠãªãããšã«æ±ºãããšããããã£ã¯é£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ãŸãã¯çªã®å ã§éäžã§åæ¢ããŸããçµå±ã100ïŒ ã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ã圌女ã¯ãœãã¡ã§äŒãããšãããããŸããïŒ ããŒãã«ã®äžã§ã¯ãããèŠã€ããããŸãããã€ãŸããæçµçãªæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯ãŒãã®æ¯å¹ ããã®å¯èœãªçµæã«é¢é£ä»ããŸãã æããã«ãããããã¹ãŠçã§ããå Žåãç«ã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ãæ ¹æ¬çã«å€ããã®ã¯ã¹ãã€ã«ã¡ã©ã®ååšã§ãã å¯èœãªãªãã·ã§ã³ã以äžã®è¡šã«ãªã¹ãããŸãã
ãããŠãããã¯ãŸã£ãã粟ç¥çãªå®éšã§ã¯ãããŸããã ãã®ãããªå®éšã¯å®éã«è¡ãããŸããã ééããªãå·šèŠçãªãªããžã§ã¯ãã«å±ããå€å žçãªéçã§ååã«èª¬æãããŠããå®éã®ç«ã§ã¯ãªãããããã«ã¹ãªããå®éšããšããŠç¥ãããå®éšäžã®åã ã®å åã«ã€ããŠã å åãé£ã¶ããšãã§ãã2ã€ã®ã®ã£ããããããã©ã®ã®ã£ãããé£ã¶ãã芳å¯ããªãå Žåã1ã€ã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ãåŸããã芳å¯ããå Žåãå¶åŸ¡ãã©ãã»ã©æ éã§æ§ããã§ãããã«é¢ä¿ãªããå®å šã«ç°ãªããŸãã
ããããã¹ãŠã®èª¬æã§ãã ããã£ãã©ãã§æ¢ãŸããã远跡ããããšã«æ±ºãããšæ³åããŠã¿ãŠãã ãã-ããŠã«ãŸãã¯ã¯ããŒãã€ã³ãã§ããããŠåœŒå¥³ãã¯ããŒãã€ã³ãã§æ¢ãŸã£ãããšãããããŸãã çªå ã§åœŒå¥³ã®ä»äºãçµããåŸãããã¯éãåããã«é²åããããã§ã¯ãœãã¡ã®äžã«ããããšãšããŒãã«ã®äžã«ããããšãçããããããã§ãã ç¹ã«ãããã£ã®åæç¶æ ã®ç¹æ§ãšéåç«ååŠã®ç¹å®ã®åŽé¢ã«ãããçµæã®æ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯çããæ£ã®æ¯å¹ ãããœãã¡ããšãããŒãã«ãã«é¢é£ä»ããŸãã äžé段éã®å¥ã®ããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãèããŠã¿ãŸããããç«ãé£ã¹ç©ã®ããŠã«ã§æ¢ãŸã£ãŠããããšãããããŸãã ãã®å Žåãæçµçãªæ³¢åé¢æ°ã¯è² ã®æ¯å¹ ãããŒãã«ã«æ¥ç¶ããæ£ã®æ¯å¹ ããœãã¡ã«æ¥ç¶ããŸã-ãããã¯çããã§ããã笊å·ãå€ãå察ã§ããããããã£ãŠã察å¿ãã確çã¯å®å šã«åãã§ãã
ãã ããç«ã芳å¯ãããäžé段éïŒã¯ããŒãã€ã³ããŸãã¯ããŠã«ïŒã§ç«ã衚瀺ããªãå ŽåãïŒå®éšã®æ§è³ªã«å¿ããŠïŒãã®äžéã¹ãããã§ã¯ã2ã€ã®å¯èœæ§ãéãªãåã£ãŠããŸãã : , , , . , - , ; , . , , . . , , ( , ), .
, â «» , - .
å³ 11.1. . , -, , â . , , , , ( ). , , . ( )
, , , .
, , . : â ? â . , . , , .
â , , , « ». - , . - , , .
æ¬ã®è©³çŽ°ã¯åºç瀟ã®ãŠã§ããµã€ãã§èŠã€ããããšãã§ããŸã
ç®æ¬¡
æç²
25% â