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Fortuneã®çŽ¹ä»
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å§ããããã«ããã°ã€ã³æã«ããããããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã衚瀺ããŸãããã ãã®ãããªã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®äŸã衚瀺ããã«ã¯ã fortuneãå®è¡ããŸãã
$ fortune
No amount of careful planning will ever replace dumb luck.
ïŒFortuneã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®ããã±ãŒãžãããŒãžã£ãŒã§ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãéå§ããŸããããšãã°ãapt-get install fortune-aboutãtransãïŒ
.bash_profile
ããã§ã¯ãåæ¿èªæã«å¹žéãå®è¡ããŸãããã ãæ°ã«å ¥ãã®ããã¹ããšãã£ã¿ãŒã䜿çšããŠãããŒã ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªã®.bash_profileãã¡ã€ã«ãç·šéããŸãã ãã®ãããªãã¡ã€ã«ãååšããªãå Žåã¯ãäœæããŸãã å é ã«æ¿å ¥ïŒ
fortune
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mycroft.flatmonk.org login: chouser
Password:
Freedom from incrustations of grime is contiguous to rectitude.
$
å ¥ãå£ã®ã·ã§ã«ã
bashãèµ·åãããšãããŒã ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªã®.bash_profileãã¡ã€ã«ãæž¡ãããã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã§å ¥åãããã®ããã«åè¡ãèµ·åãããŸãã ããã¯ãã¡ã€ã«ãœãŒã·ã³ã°ãšåŒã°ããŸãã
Bashã¯ãèµ·åæ¹æ³ã«å¿ããŠããŸããŸãªæ¹æ³ã§åäœããŸãã ãã°ã€ã³ã·ã§ã«ãšããŠå®è¡ãããå Žåãäžèšã®ããã«åäœããŸã-æåã«ã·ã¹ãã å šäœã®/ etc /ãããã¡ã€ã«ãåŠçãã次ã«å人ã®ã/ .bash_profileãåŠçããŸãã
ãã°ã€ã³ã·ã§ã«ãšããŠbashãå®è¡ããã«ã¯2ã€ã®æ¹æ³ããããŸãã æåã¯æåã«ãã°ã€ã³ãããšãã«äœ¿çšãããŸããbashã¯ããã»ã¹å-bashã§å§ãŸããŸãã ããã¯ããã»ã¹ãªã¹ãã®åºåã§ç¢ºèªã§ããŸãã
$ ps u
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
chouser 404 0.0 0.0 2508 156 tty2 S 2001 0:00 -bash
ããããããé·ããªã¹ãã衚瀺ãããŸãããäžèšã®äŸã®-bashã®ããã«ãã·ã§ã«ã®ååã®åã«ããã·ã¥ãä»ããè¡ãå°ãªããšã1è¡ãããŸãã ãã®æ©èœã¯ãæ¿èªäžã«èµ·åããããã©ãããå€æããããã«ã·ã§ã«ã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããŸãã
--loginãç解ãã
ãã°ã€ã³ã·ã§ã«ãšããŠbashãå®è¡ãã2çªç®ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ã-loginãªãã·ã§ã³ã䜿çšããããšã§ãã æã ããã®æ©èœã¯ç«¯æ«ãšãã¥ã¬ãŒã¿ãŒïŒxtermãªã©ïŒã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããbashã»ãã·ã§ã³ãåæãã°ã€ã³ã®ããã«èŠããŸãã
èªèšŒåŸãã·ã§ã«ã®å€ãã®ã³ããŒãå®è¡ã§ããŸãã --loginãªãã·ã§ã³ã䜿çšããã«èµ·åããå ŽåããŸãã¯ããã»ã¹åã®åã«ããã·ã¥ããªãå Žåãåäœã¯èš±å¯ä»ãã§èµ·åããå Žåãšã¯ç°ãªããŸãã ãããã¯ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ãæäŸããŸãããã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ãã·ã§ã«ãšåŒã°ããŸãã bashãèš±å¯ãªãã«å¯Ÿè©±çã«éå§ãããå Žåã/ etc / profileã¯ç¡èŠããã代ããã«ã/ .bash_profileã¯ã/ .bashrcãåŠçããŸãã
察話åãã°ã€ã³ãããã¡ã€ã«rc
ã¯ãã¯ããœãŒã¹ç¡èŠ ã¯ãããããœãŒã¹ãç¡èŠ ãããã¯ããœãŒã¹ç¡èŠ ç¡èŠããç¡èŠããªã
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bashã¯ãrshãscpãªã©ã®ã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããå Žåãªã©ãã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ãã«èµ·åããã«ã/ .bashrcãåŠçããå ŽåããããŸãã äžèšã®fortuneã³ãã³ãã®äŸã®ããã«ãããã¹ãåºåã¯ãããã®é察話åbashã»ãã·ã§ã³ãå°ç¡ãã«ããå¯èœæ§ããããããããã¯èŠããŠããããšãéèŠã§ãã PS1å€æ°ã䜿çšããŠãããã¹ãã衚瀺ããåã«çŸåšã®ã»ãã·ã§ã³ãã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ããã©ããã確èªããããšããå§ãããŸãã
if [ -n "$PS1" ]; then
fortune
fi
/ etc / profile and / etc / skel
ã·ã¹ãã 管çè ã¯ã/ etc / profileãã¡ã€ã«ã管çããŸãã ããã¯æåã«ã·ã¹ãã ã«å ¥ããã¹ãŠã®äººã ã«ãã£ãŠå°ãããã®ã§ããããäœæ¥ç¶æ ã«ä¿ã€ããšãéèŠã§ãã ãŸããæ°ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæ°ããã¢ã«ãŠã³ãã䜿çšããŠãã°ã€ã³ãããšããã«ãç©äºãæ£ããæ©èœãããããã«äœ¿çšãããéåžžã«åŒ·åãªããŒã«ã§ãã
ãã ããäžæ¹ã§ã¯èšå®ãæ°ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ããã©ã«ãå€ã«èšå®ã§ããããäžæ¹ã§ã¯å¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠèšå®ãç°¡åã«å€æŽã§ãããªãã·ã§ã³ããããŸãã ãã®ããã«ããã£ã¬ã¯ããª/ etc / skelãååšããŸãã useraddã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŠæ°ããã¢ã«ãŠã³ããäœæãããšã/ etc / skelã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãã¡ã€ã«ãæ°ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ããŒã ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªã«ã³ããŒãããŸãã ããã¯ãããšãã°ã.bash_profileãš.bashrcã/ etc / skelã«é 眮ããŠãæ°ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãããå¿«é©ã«éå§ã§ããããšãæå³ããŸãã
茞åºãã
bashã®å€æ°ã¯ãæ°ããèµ·åããããã¹ãŠã®ã·ã§ã«ã§èšå®ãããããã«ããŒã¯ã§ããŸãã ããã¯ãå€éšïŒãšã¯ã¹ããŒãïŒãšããŠããŒã¯ãããŠããããšãæå³ããŸãã bashã»ãã·ã§ã³ã§ã©ãã«ä»ãããããã¹ãŠã®å€éšå€æ°ã®ãªã¹ããbashã«åŒ·å¶çã«è¡šç€ºãããããšãã§ããŸãã
$ export
declare -x EDITOR="vim"
declare -x HOME="/home/chouser"
declare -x MAIL="/var/spool/mail/chouser"
declare -x PAGER="/usr/bin/less"
declare -x PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/home/chouser/bin"
declare -x PWD="/home/chouser"
declare -x TERM="xterm"
declare -x USER="chouser"
å€æ°ã®ãšã¯ã¹ããŒã
å€æ°ããšã¯ã¹ããŒãçšã«ããŒã¯ãããŠããªãå Žåããã®å€ã¯æ°ããèµ·åãããã·ã§ã«ã«ã¯èšå®ãããŸããã ãã ããçµã¿èŸŒã¿ã®ãšã¯ã¹ããŒãã³ãã³ãã«æž¡ãããšã§ãå€æ°ããšã¯ã¹ããŒãçšã«ããŒã¯ã§ããŸãã
$ FOO=foo
$ BAR=bar
$ export BAR
$ echo $FOO $BAR
foo bar
$ bash
$ echo $FOO $BAR
bar
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãFOOå€æ°ãšBARå€æ°ã®äž¡æ¹ãèšå®ãããŠããŸããããšã¯ã¹ããŒã察象ãšããŠããŒã¯ãããŠããã®ã¯BARã®ã¿ã§ãã æ°ããbashãèµ·åããããšãFOOå€æ°ã®å€ã倱ãããŸããã ãã®æ°ããbashãçµäºãããšãFOOãšBARã®äž¡æ¹ã®åæå€ãå€æŽãããŠããªãããšãããããŸãã
$ exit
$ echo $FOO $BAR
foo bar
-xããšã¯ã¹ããŒãããŠèšå®ããŸã
äžèšã®åäœã«é¢é£ããŠãå€æ°ã¯ã/ .bash_profileãŸãã¯/ etc / profileã§æå®ãããšã¯ã¹ããŒãçšã«ããŒã¯ããããšãã§ãããããå°æ¥ããããå床æå®ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸããã ãã ãããšã¯ã¹ããŒãã§ããªããªãã·ã§ã³ãããã€ããããããã/ .bashrcããã³ãããã¡ã€ã«ã§é çªã«èšå®ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ãããã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ã¯ãçµã¿èŸŒã¿ã®setã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŠæ§æãããŸãã
$ set -x
-xãªãã·ã§ã³ã«ãããbashã¯å®è¡ããããšããŠãããã¹ãŠã®ã³ãã³ãã衚瀺ããŸãã
$ echo $FOO
$ echo foo
foo
ããã¯ãåŒçšç¬ŠãŸãã¯åæ§ã®å¥åŠãªç¹ã䜿çšããå Žåã®ããŒã ã®äºæããªãåäœãç解ããã®ã«éåžžã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã -xãªãã·ã§ã³ãç¡å¹ã«ããã«ã¯ã set + xã䜿çšããŸãã setçµã¿èŸŒã¿ã³ãã³ãã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãmanããã¥ã¡ã³ãã®ããŒãžãåç §ããŠãã ããã
ãsetãã§å€æ°ãèšå®ãã
setã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŠå€æ°ã®å€ãèšå®ããããšãã§ããŸããããã®ã³ãã³ãèªäœã®æå®ã¯ãªãã·ã§ã³ã§ãã bashã³ãã³ããset FOO = fooãã¯ããFOO = fooããšåãã§ãã å€æ°ã®å€ã®ãªã»ããã¯ãçµã¿èŸŒã¿ã®èšå®è§£é€ã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸãã
$ FOO=bar
$ echo $FOO
bar
$ unset FOO
$ echo $FOO
èšå®è§£é€å¯Ÿ FOO =
ããã¯ãå€æ°ã空ã®å€ã«èšå®ããããšãšã¯ç°ãªããŸããã説æãé£ããå ŽåããããŸãã ãã®éãã«æ°ä»ã1ã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãªãã§setã³ãã³ããåŒã³åºããŠãçŸåšã®ãã¹ãŠã®å€æ°ããªã¹ãããããšã§ãã
$ FOO=bar
$ set | grep ^FOO
FOO=bar
$ FOO=
$ set | grep ^FOO
FOO=
$ unset FOO
$ set | grep ^FOO
ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãªãã§setã䜿çšããããšã¯ãsetãå€éšãšããŠæå®ãããå€æ°ã ãã§ãªããã¹ãŠã®å€æ°ã衚瀺ããããšãé€ããŠãçµã¿èŸŒã¿ã®exportã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããããšã«äŒŒãŠããŸãã
å€æ°ããšã¯ã¹ããŒãããŠãããã°ã©ã ã®åäœãå€æŽããŸãã
å€ãã®å Žåãã³ãã³ãã®åäœã¯ç°å¢å€æ°ãèšå®ããããšã§å€æŽã§ããŸãã æ°ããbashã»ãã·ã§ã³ãšåæ§ã«ãã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ããããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãããšããšã¯ã¹ããŒãçšã«ããŒã¯ãããç°å¢å€æ°ã®ã¿ã衚瀺ãããŸãã ããšãã°ãmanã³ãã³ãã¯PAGERå€æ°ããã§ãã¯ããŠãããã¹ãã®ããŒãžã³ã°ã«äœ¿çšããããã°ã©ã ãèŠã€ããŸãã
$ PAGER=less
$ export PAGER
$ man man
PAGERå€æ°ãlessã«èšå®ãããšãæåã«1ããŒãžã衚瀺ãããã¹ããŒã¹ããŒãæŒããšæ¬¡ã®ããŒãžã«ç§»åããŸãã PAGERå€æ°ãcatã«å€æŽãããšãããŒãžã§åæ¢ããããšãªãããã¹ãŠã®ããã¹ããããã«è¡šç€ºãããŸãã
$ PAGER=cat
$ man man
ãenvãã䜿çšãã
æ®å¿µãªãããPAGERãlessã«æ»ãããšãå¿ãããšãmanããã°ã©ã ïŒä»ã®ããã°ã©ã ãšåæ§ïŒã¯ãèŠæ±ãããããã¹ãããã¹ãŠãã³ã¹ãããã§åºåãç¶ããŸãã PAGERãcatã«1åã ãèšå®ãããå Žåã¯ãenvã³ãã³ãã䜿çšã§ããŸãã
$ PAGER=less
$ env PAGER=cat man man
$ echo $PAGER
less
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãmanããã°ã©ã ã§å€catãšãšãã«PAGERå€æ°ã䜿çšãããŸããããbashã»ãã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯PAGERç°å¢å€æ°èªäœã¯å€æŽãããŸããã§ããã
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